CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(Monographs) 


ICIUiH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microraproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Ttchnical  and  Bibliographic  Notai  /  Notts  ttchniquM  at  bibliographiquat 


Tha  Inttituta  hat  anamptad  to  obuin  tha  bast  original 
copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturat  of  this  copy  which 
may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua,  which  may  altar  any 
of  tha  imagas  in  ttia  raproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  changa  tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara 
checfcad  balow. 


L'Institut  a  microf  ilmi  la  maillaur  aMamplaira  qu'il 
lui  a  M  possibia  da  sa  procurar.  Las  dtoils  da  cat 
axamplaira  qui  sont  paut-<tra  uniquas  du  point  da  vua 
bibliographiqua,  qui  pauvant  modif iar  una  imaga 
raproduita,  ou  qui  pauvant  axigar  una  modification 
dans  la  mithoda  normala  da  f  ilmaga  sont  indiqufa 
ci-dassous. 


0 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


0Covars  damagad/ 
Couvartura  andommagia 

□  Covars  rastorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  rastauria  at/ou  palliculte 


UT. 


D 


Covar  titia  missing/ 

titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


Colourad  maps/ 

Caitas  giographiquas  an  coulaur 

Colourad  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relie  avec  d'autres  documents 


0  Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
al. 


D 


along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 

distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  interieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  ponible,  these  have 
been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttas 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  etait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  ete  f  ilmtes. 


□  Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  da  coulaur 


0 


Pages  damagad/ 
Pages  andommagtas 


□  Pages  restored  and/or  lamin 
Pages  restaurias  at/ou  pallif 


0 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  fo-^r  ■' 
Pages  dteolorics,  tadiettes  ou  pi .  j-j» 


□  Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachies 

□  Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


n 


Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualite  inigale  de  I'lmpression 

Continuous  pagination/ 
Pagination  continue 

Includes  index(esl/ 
Comprend  un  (des)  index 

Title  on  header  taken  from:  / 
Le  titre  de  I'en-tCte  provient: 


Title  page  of  issue/ 

Page  de  titre  de  la  livraison 


n 

□  Caption  of  Issue/ 
Titre  de  depart  de  la  livraison 


D 


Masthead/ 

Generlque  (periodiques)  de  la  livraison 


□ 


Additional  comments:/ 
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This  Item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  fllme  au  taux  de  reduction  indlqui  ci-dessous. 

10X  UX  18X 


22X 


26  X 


30X 


/ 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
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Univtriity  of  Toronto  Library 


L'exemplaire  filmi  fut  reproduit  grice  A  la 
gAndrosit*  de: 

Thomas  Fisher  Rart  Book  Library, 
University  of  Toronto  Library 


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plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  film*,  et  an 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  filmte  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  eoit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  una  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ••  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
derni^re  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — »-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  une  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  dIffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  11  est  fllmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  it  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d 'images  n^cessaire.  Les  disgrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1  2  3 

4  5  6 


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MICROCOPY  RESOLUTION  TEST  CHART 

NATIONAL  BUREAU  OF  STANDARDS 

STANDARD  REFERENCE  MATERIAL  1010a 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


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THE  VETERINARIAN 


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M, 


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DR.  CHAS.  J.  KORINEK 

GraduaU  of  OnUrlo  Veterinary  Collage  of  UnWertlty  of  Toronto. 

Bx-Stete  Veterinarian  of  Oregon.  Bx>  President 

Oregon  SUte  Veterinary  Medieal  Board. 

Hon.  Member  Onterlo  Veterinary 

Medleal  Asseelatlon 


SECOND  EDITION 
Price  $2.50 


PUBLISHED  BT 

THE  GERLACH-BARKLOW  CO. 

JOLIET,  ILLINOIS,  U.  S.  A. 

and  Toronto,  Canada 

1916 


Copyrighted  19\'> 
CHAS.  J.  KORIXEK.  V.  S. 


BiiTisH  CopYiiciiTS  SErt  leu 

ALL   IIGHTS   HEsnVKD 


FOREWORD 


r 


»HIS  treatise  on  the  diseases  of  domestic 
animals  has  l)een  written  with  the  i)ri- 
mary  purpose  of  placing  in  the  hands  of 
stock  owners,  a  book  of  practical  worth ;  hence, 
all  technical  language  or  terms,  as  used  by  the 
professional  veterinarian,  have  been  eliminated 
and  only  such  language  used  as  all  may  lead  and 
understand. 

The  treatment  suggested  in  each  case  is  one  I 
have  used  and  found  eflK^ient  in  my  many  years 
of  pri.c*  ze. 

If  my  readers  will  study  and  follow  these  d. 
rections  care  ally,  they  will  save  themselves 
much  unnecessary  loss.  My  confideiue  in 
this  accomplishment  is  my  reward  for  my  labor 
in  behalf  of  our  dumb  friends — the  domestic 
animals.  Thj.  Author 


CO.  TTEN 1  ■? 

CHAFiKu  I  DlSEAhCS    (»K   TIIK    HoliSi; 

t'jtAPTEK  II  DiSKASKS    OF    CaTTLE 

Chaptkk  III  Diseases  ok  Swine 

Chapteii  IV  Diseases  of  Siieei-  axi>  <io\Ts 

Chapter  V  Diseases  ok  Poii.tiiy     - 

ClIAPTEU  VI  MlStELLANEOLS          -            -            - 


page 
!) 

87 
161 
193 
219 
245 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Points  op  Horse  - 

Hackney  Stallion 

Clydesdale  Stallion 

Arabian  Horses    - 

Belgian  Stallion 

Saddle  Stallion   - 

Perciieron  Stallions 

Points  of  Dairy  Cow 

Dairy  Herd  - 

Galloway  Bull     - 

Jersey  Cow  - 

Hereford  Bcll 

Guernsey  Cow 

Shorthorn  Bull  - 

Ayrshire  Cows 

HoLSTEiN  Cow 

Points  of  Hog 

Chester  Whites    - 

DuROc  Boar  - 

Poland  China  Boak 

Berkshire  Boar     - 

Points  of  Sheep  - 

Delaine  AIerino  Ram  and  Ewks 

Shropshire  Raai    - 

Cots  wold  Ewes 

White  Plymouth  Rocks 

Buff  Orpington  Hen   - 

Plymouth  Rock  Cock  - 

White  Leghorn  Hen    - 

CoiUMBiAN  Wyandotte  Cock 


PAGE 

10 
22 
28 
3i 
44 
56 
72 
88 
98 
108 
116 
122 
128 
136 
146 
156 
162 
170 
174 
180 
188 
194 
200 
208 
214 
220 
220 
230 
234 
240 


'  ^iiirtmiiriiiM'iiiiitriimnHin 


DISEASES  OF  THE 
HORSE 


Causes,  Symptoms  and 
Treatments 


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CHAPTER  I 


ABORTION  IN  MARES 

Cause  :  Quality  and  quantity  of  food,  poorly  lighted, 
ventilated  or  drained  stables,  mare  falling  or  slipping, 
sprains,  kicks,  hard,  fast  work  or  eating  poisonous  vege- 
tation. 

Symptoms:  Mare  will  show  signs  of  colic,  the  outer 
portion  of  tlie  womb  will  be  swollen,  and  if  the  colicky 
sjTnptoms  continue  there  will  be  a  watery  discharge 
and  the  membranes  covering  the  fcetus  or  foal  will 
become  noticeable.  The  animal  strains  when  lying  down 
or  getting  up. 

TBfiATJiEXT:  Place  the  animal  in  comfortable  quar- 
ters and  blanket  if  chilly.  When  colicky  pains  are 
present  treat  the  same  as  for  spasmodic  colic.  To  stop 
the  straining  and  labor  pains,  give  Tincture  Opii  one 
ounce,  placing  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule 
gun  every  two  hours.  One  to  two  doses,  however,  are 
generally  sufficient  as  the  mare  will  either  abort  or  the 
dangerous  period  will  have  passed.  Keep  the  animal 
quiet  and  feed  good  nutritious  food  and  pure  water  with 
chill  taken  off  in  small  quantities  but  often.  Disinfect 
the  mare's  quarters  thoroughly.  A  good  general  tonic 
should  be  used  in  this  condition,  one  that  will  strengthen 
and  assist  nature  to  throw  off  impurities  from  the  blood, 
such  as  Sodium  Hyposulphite,  eight  ounces;  Potassi 
Iodide,  one  ounce.  Make  into  eight  powders  and  give 
one  powder  two  or  three  times  a  day  in  drinking  water. 


ABSCESS 

Cause  :  Bruises  and  injuries.  Abscesses  ;  "e  also  seen 
in  complications  with  various  diseases,  perhaps  the  most 
common  being  distemper,  laryngitis,  etc. 


i 


12 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


SvvP.'TOMs:  Symptoms  will  vary,  of  course,  according 
to  the  development  of  the  disease.  It  may  not  be  noticed 
at  first,  but  upon  careful  examination  small  tortuous 
lines  will  be  observed  running  from  the  point  of  irrita- 
tion. In  many  cases  a  swelling  is  noticed  which  is  hot, 
painful  and  throbbing  and  enlarges  rapidly.  In  two  or 
three  days  tlie  soreness  and  heat  gradually  subside,  but 
the  abscess  continues  to  grow.  The  hair  falls  from  the 
affected  parts  and  in  a  short  time  the  abscess  discharges, 
and  the  cavity  gradually  fills  up  and  heals  by  granula- 
tion. 

Treatment  :  In  all  cases  hasten  the  repairing  process 
as  much  as  possible  l)y  applying  hot  water  packs  or  hot 
bran,  flaxseed  or  vegetable  poultices.  It  is  conmion  with 
veterinarians  to  lance  an  abscess  as  soon  as  possible,  but 
this  requires  skill  and  practice.  I  could  not  advise  stock- 
owners  to  perform  this  operation,  as  it  requires  exact 
knowledge  of  anatonn .  It  will  usually  be  found  a  safe 
plan  to  encourage  the  full  ripening  of  an  abscess  and 
allow  it  to  open  of  its  own  accord,  as  it  will  heal  much 
better  and  quicker  r.nd  you  take  no  chances  of  infection 
with  an  instrument.  "When  opened  'lo  not  squeeze  the 
abscess  to  any  extent,  but  press  gently  with  clean  hands 
or  cloth,  to  remove  the  clot,  and  after  this  simply  keep 
open  by  washing  the  abscess  with  a  three  per  cent  Car- 
bolic Acid  solution  or  Bichloride  of  Mercury,  one  part 
to  one  thousand  parts  of  water.  "When  an  animal  has 
abscesses  it  is  well  to  give  the  following  blood  purifiers 
or  internal  antiseptics:  Hyposulphite  of  Soda,  eight 
ounces ;  Potassi  Iodide,  one  ounce.  Mix  well  and  make 
into  eight  powders  and  give  one  powder  twice  daily  in 
drinking  water,  or  place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  admin- 
ister with  capsule  gim.  This  prescription  will  »^-*event 
the  absorption  of  impurities  from  the  abscess  into  the 
blood. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORCfi 


13 


ANEMIA 
Cause:  Insufficient  quality  ai,  uantity  of  food,  in- 
sanitary surroundings,  overwork,  lack  of  exercise,  drains 
on  tlie  system  from  acute  or  ciironic  diseases,  worms; 
and  can  also  be  brought  about  by  excessive  heat,  cold  or 
pressure  and  lessening  of  the  calibre  of  the  arteries, 
poisons  in  the  blood,  suppurating  wounds,  repeated 
purging  or  bleedings. 

Symptoms:  The  visible  mucous  membranes  of  the 
nose,  eyes  and  mouth  are  pale  and  sometimes  have  a 
yellcw  appearance.  There  is  weakness,  temperature  of 
the  body  is  lower  than  normai ;  pulse  weak,  legs  cold  to 
the  feet,  cold  sweats  are  often  present,  breathing  is 
quickened,  especially  in  its  last  stages,  animals  tire 
easily,  appetite  and  digestion  become  poor,  swelling  of 
the  legs  a):d  the  under  surface  of  the  p.bdomen,  sheath 
and  udder ;  the  skin  becomes  rough  and  dry. 

TREATMfiXT:  Remove  the  cause  if  possible  in  its  first 
stages,  or  when  first  noticed.  Give  a  physic  of  Calomel, 
two  scruples;  Aloin,  two  drams;  Pulv.  Gentian,  two 
drams ;  Ginger,  two  drams.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and 
give  at  one  dose  with  capsule  gun.  Also,  administer  the 
following:  Arsenious  Acid,  one  dram;  Ferri  Sulphate, 
three  ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian,  three  ounces;  Pulv.  Fenu- 
greek Seed,  three  ounces,  and  Pulv.  Anise  Seed,  three 
ounces.  Mix  well  and  make  into  twenty  powders.  Give 
one  powder  three  times  a  day  in  feed,  or  place  in  gelatin 
capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  Endeavor  to  build 
up  the  condition  of  the  animal  by  the  proper  quantity 
and  quality  of  food.  Give  pure  water  to  drink,  also  pro- 
vide sanitary  conditions,  as  pure  air,  sunlight  if  possible. 
Tarn  out  to  grass  when  the  weather  is  favorable.  This 
treatment  should  be  continued  until  the  animal  shows 
sign  c  improvement.  However,  the  administration  of 
physics  should  be  given  with  great  car<»  so  as  not  to  pro- 
duce superpurgation  of  the  bowels  (scours),  as  physics 
in  this  condition  would  tend  to  weaken  the  animal. 


i 


14 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


It  is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  pure  water  and  nour- 
ishing food  play  a  very  important  \>  irt  in  the  treatment 
of  Anemia. 


APHTHAE 

(Sore  month  and  tongue — Pustular  Stomatitis) 

Cause:  Superficial  eruptions  of  the  mucous  mem- 
branes of  the  mouth  and  tongue.  Frequently  seen  dur- 
ing convalescence  of  intermittent  fever.  This  condition 
may  also  follow  diseases  of  the  digestive  system,  as  In- 
digestion, etc.,  due  to  the  blood  absorbing  toxic  materials 
which  break  out  in  the  form  of  pustules  about  the  mouth 
and  the  whole  alimentary  canal  (stomach  and  intes- 
tines). 

Symptoms:  The  appetite  is  impaired,  the  mouth  hot, 
the  pulse  not  much  affected  as  a  rule,  the  temperature  is 
slightly  elevated,  the  animal  is  unable  to  masticate,  and 
small  vesicles  appear  and  eventually  terminate  into  pus- 
tules and  burst  and  discharge  a  small  amount  of  pus  at 
the  parts  where  the  sores  are  the  deepest* 

Tbeatment:  Remove  the  cause  if  possible.  Feed 
dean,  soft  food  that  is  easily  digested,  as  hot  wheat  bran 
mashes  and  steamed  rolled  oats,  vegetables,  etc.  For  a 
mouth-wash  dissolve  the  following:  One  dram  of  Cop^ 
per  Sulphate,  one  dram  of  Chlorate  of  Potash,  one  dram 
of  Boracic  Acid  in  clean  hot  water,  and  syringe  out  the 
mouth  two  or  three  times  a  day.  To  the  drinking  water 
add  one  ounce  of  Hyposulphite  of  Soda  twice  a  day. 
Where  the  appetite  is  impaired,  administer  the  follow- 
ing :  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  Pulv.  Iron, 
Pulv.  Nitrate  of  Potash  each  two  ounces.  Mix  and  make 
into  sixteen  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  three  times  a 
day  with  capsule  gun. 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HOESE 


15 


AZOTURIA 

Cause:  This  disease  is  usually  due  to  work  f.fter  a 
period  of  idleness,  during  which  the  animal  has  been 
liberally  fed.  It  is  found  principally  among  highly-fed 
draft  horses,  and  never  in  axi'aiuls  which  are  regularly 
worked.  Light  breeds  of  horses  are  also  susceptible  to 
thid  disease. 

Symptovis:  Attack  is  sudden  and  u'^ually  appears 
when  the  horse  has  traveled  a  short  distance  after  hav- 
ing been  stabled  for  a  few  days.  The  characteristic 
symptoms  of  this  disease  in  an  animal  are :  Excitability 
without  apparent  cause ;  actions  seem  to  indicate  injury 
of  the  hind  quarters  or  loins.  Animal  has  a  peculiar 
goose-rumped  look,  owing  to  the  muscles  over  the 
quarters  being  violently  contracted,  and  are  hard  on 
pressure.  One  hind  limb  is  generally  advanced  in  front 
of  the  other,  and  on  attempting  to  put  weight  on  it,  tlte 
hind  quarters  will  drop  until  at  times  the  hocks  almost 
touch  the  ground.  Sometimes  a  front  leg  is  affected. 
The  breathing  is  hurried  Animal  is  bathed  in  sweat, 
and  is  in  such  agony  th,?t  it  will  seize  almost  anything 
with  its  teeth.  Althoup^'  he  pulse  is  hard  and  frequent, 
the  internal  temperature,  even  in  severe  cases,  seldom 
rises  to  any  marked  extent.  The  urine  is  dark-red  to 
dirty-brown  color.  Owing  to  the  stoppage  of  the  worm- 
like movement  of  the  bowels,  there  is  generally  constipa- 
tion and  retention  of  the  urine.  Sometimes  the  symp- 
toms are  milder  than  here  described.  In  other  cases 
the  animal  soon  falls  to  the  ground  and  continues  to 
struggle  in  a  delirious,  half -paralyzed  state  until  he  dies. 
Sometimes  this  disease  is  mistaken  for  colic  or  acute 
indigestion,  but  it  can  be  readily  distingui8h^>d  by  the 
color  of  the  urine. 

Treatment  :  At  the  first  symptom,  stop  and  blanket 
the  animal  and  let  stand  froia  one  to  three  hours.  Then 
move  to  the  nearest  shelter,  keeping  the  animal  as  quiet 
and  comfortable, as  possible,  as  excitement  aggravates 


16 


THE  VETERINAEIAN 


the  disease.    Give  Aloin,  two  drams ;  Ginger,  two  drams, 
in  capsule,  and  administer  with  capsulj  gun.    Also,  give 
the    following    prescription:     Potassi    Nitrate,    eight 
ounces;  Sodii  Bicarbonate,  eight  ounces;  Potassi  Iodide, 
one  and  one-half  ounces.    Mix  well  and  make  into  thirty- 
two  powders.    Give  one  powder  in  drinking  water  every 
four  hours,  or  in  capsule,  and  give  with  capsule  gun. 
Injections  of  soap  and  warm  water  per  rectum  are  bene- 
ficial.   Immerse  a  blanket  in  hot  water  and  place  over 
loins,  then  covering  with  a  dry  blanket,  or,  if  this  is 
impossible,  apply  the  following  liniment:    Aqna  Am- 
monia Foic,  two  ounces;  Turpentine,  two  ounces;  Sweet 
Oil,  four  ounces,  and  rub  in  .like  a  shampoo  over  the 
loins.    It  may  be  necessary  to  draw  off  the  urine,  whxch 
is  sometimes  retained,  and  it  is  best  to  secure  the  services 
of  a  skilled  veterinarian  if  such  is  the  case.    Allow  the 
animal  to  drink  often,  though  in  small  quantities,  of  pure 
water  with  the  chill  taken  off.    If  he  is  unable  to  stand 
on  his  feet  it  is  well, to  turn  him  from  side  to  side  every 
six  hours.    It  is  also  advisable  to  fill  bags  with  hay  and 
place  against  his  shoulders  to  prevent  him  from  lying 
flat  on  his  side,  as  this  may  cause  congestion  of  the  lungs. 
Avoid  drenching— it  is  dangerous.    Should  the  animal 
show  signs  of  uneasiness,  give  one  ounce  of  Potassi 
Bromide  in  the  drinking  water  every  four  hours  until  the 
excitement  has  subsided. 


BARRENNESS 
(Failure  to  Breed) 

Cause  :  Contraction  of  the  neck  of  the  womb,  growths 
on  or  in  the  ovaries,  Whites  or  Leucorrhea.  The  first  is 
the  only  form  of  barrenness  which  responds  readily  to 
treatment. 

Symptoms:  A  mere  may  come  in  heat  normally,  or 
stay  in  heat  continually,  or  not  come  in  heat  at  all. 

Treatment:  Wash  the  hands  in  some  antiseptic 
solution,  such  as  Carbolic  Acid  or  Bichloride  of  Mer- 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE 


17 


cury,  and  see  that  the  finger-nails  are  smooth.  Grease 
the  hand  and  arm  with  vaseline  and  proceed  to  dilate 
the  neck  of  the  womb.  It  may  be  difficult  at  first  to  in- 
sert the  finger,  but  the  opening  will  gradually  enlarge. 
Work  slowly  and  carefully  until  three  fingers  may  be 
inserted.  Breeding  should  follow  about  three  hours 
after  the  womb  has  been  dilated. 


BLEEDING  AFTER  CASTRATION 
If  bleeding  is  from  the  little  artery  in  tb »  back  portion 
of  cord,  it  will  generally  stop  of  its  owi    .ccord,  but  if 
it  should  continue  to  bleed  for  thirty  minutes,  .throw 
clean,  cold  water  against  the  part. 

When  bleeding  is  from  the  Jarge  artery  in  front  of 
the  cord,  it  is  considered  dangerous.  The  artery  should 
be  tied  with  a  silk  thread  if  possible,  or  twisted  with  a 
pair  of  forceps.  Occasionally  the  artery  cannot  be 
found,  in  which  case  the  hole  in  the  scrotum  should  be 
plugged  with  a  clean  cloth  saturated  with  Tincture  of 
Iron,  which  will  clot  the  blood  and  thus  close  the  artery. 


BLOOD  POISONING 

(Septicaemia  or  Pyemia) 

Cause:  By  the  popular  term,  "Blood  Poison,"  is 
meant  a  state  of  constitutional  disturbance  brought  on 
by  the  entrance  of  putrid  products — usually  from  a 
wound— into  the  blood.  As  a  rule  some  pressure  or 
inoculation  is  necessary  for  the  introduction  of  poison 
into  the  circulation;  hence,  the  necessity  of  free  drp'n- 
age  and  thorough  disinfection  of  the  wound,  and  the  only 
hopeful  cases  are  those  in  which  by  this  means  the 
supply  of  poison  may  be  cut  short. 

Symptoms:  It  is  introduced  through  any  wound  or 
abrasion,  whether  due  to  injury,  disease  or  by  an  oper- 
ation. Signs  of  septic  poison  are  heat,  pain  and 
swelling. 

Tbeatment:    It  is  necessary  to  see  that  the  wound 


18 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


has  good  drainage,  and  wash  with  Carbolic  Acid,  one 
tablespoonful  to  one  pint  of  distilled  water  or  Bichlo- 
ride of  Mercury  perhaps  is  the  best  in  an  infected  wound. 
Apply  one  part  to  one  thousand  parts  v/ater.  Also,  give 
internally,  Potassi  Iodide,  one  ounce;  Sodii  Hyposul- 
phite, eight  ounces.  Make  into  eight  powders  and  give 
one  powder  two  or  three  times  a  day  in  their  drinking 
water  or  in  capsule,  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  This  is 
an  intestinal  antiseptic  which  is  very  valuable  in  the 
treatment  of  Blood  Poisoning.  Feed  soft,  laxative  food 
and  green  grass,  if  possible. 


BONE  SPAVIN 

CArsE:  Sprains  of  the  hock  from  falling,  slipping, 
jumping,  pulling,  traveling  on  uneven  roads,  falling 
through  bridges,  etc. 

Since  Spavin  is  due  to  causes  which  come  into  exist- 
ence after  birth,  it  cannot  be  regarded  as  an  hereditary 
disease.  Hereditary  predisposition,  however,  is  largely 
accountable  for  its  appearance.  In  the  first  place,  tbe 
process  of  evolution  in  the  horse,  which  is  a  single-toed 
animal,  descended  from  a  five-toed  ancestor,  predisposes 
him  to  suffer  from  union  of  the  bones  of  the  hock,  just 
as  It  predisposes  him  to  splints.  The  weaker  the  bones 
of  the  hock  in  comparison  to  the  weight  of  the  bodv  the 
more  inclined  will  the  animal  naturally  be  to  contract 
Spavin. 

Symptoms:  Spasmodic  catching  up  of  the  spavined 
hmb,  the  moment  the  heel  of  the  foot  touches  the  ground, 
something  after  the  manner  of  string-halt.  At  times  the 
stiffness  can  be  observed  only  when  the  animal  is  pushed 
from  one  side  of  the  stall  to  the  other.  Spavin  may 
often  be  detected  when  riding  a  horse  down  a  steep  hill 
from  the  fact  that  he  drags  the  toe. 

The  time  of  all  others  when  a  spavined  horse  will  be 
apt  to  show  his  lameness  will  be  the  day  following  a 
hard  day's  work,  and  when  he  makes  his  first  move  from 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


19 


the  stable  in  the  morning  is  the  proper  moment  for  ex- 
amination. Therefore,  you  should  be  prepared  to  fonn 
judgment  quickly  in  these  cases,  for  the  longer  the 
animal  is  trotted  up  and  down  the  less  lame  will  he 
generally  become. 

We  may  have  a  visible  sign  of  Spavin,  swelling  and 
hardness  of  the  part,  without  lameness.  If  thoi  be  heat 
and  tenderness  on  pressure,  lameness  will  almost  always 
be  present.  A  careful  comparison  should  be  made  of 
the  hocks. 

Treatment:  An  important  factor  in  treating  Spavin 
is  keeping  the  animal  quiet.  This  can  be  accomplished 
by  placing  the  animal  in  a  very  narrow  stall,  carrying 
his  feed  and  drinking  water  for  a  month  or  six  weeks, 
and  apply  the  following  ointment :  Red  Iodide  of  Mer- 
cui^,  two, drams;  Pulverized  Cautharides,  three  drams; 
Turpentine,  thirty  minims ;  Pine  Tar,  two  drams ;  lard, 
two  ounces.  Mix  well  and  rub  in  well  for  twenty  minutes 
every  forty-eight  hours  until  three  applications  have 
been  applied.  Repeat  this  treatment  again  ia  two  weeks, 
and  grease  well  with  lard. 

To  cure  a  bone  spavin  it  is  necessary  to  unite  two  or 
more  bones  of  the  hock,  and  a  fractured  bone  cannot 
unite  if  moved  frequently.  The  same  thing  exists  in 
bone  spavin  as  in  a  fractured  bone,  only  we  have  no 
ragged  edges  like  that  ot  t  '  ired  bone  to  unite; 

therefore,   keep   the    animal  t.    The   younger  the 

animal  the  easier  the  spavin  is  to  treat,  because  the  bones 
hardened  with  age  contain  more  mineral  matter  and  less 
flexible  animal  matter.  While  treating  the  aniiLuii,  feed 
food  that  is  easily  digested. 


BOG  SPAVIN 

Cause  :  Faulty  conformation,  slipping,  falling  through 
a  bridge  or  culvert ;  large  loosely  built  draft  horses  are 
prone  to  this  blemish.  Bog  Spavin  is  heredity,  and 
you  should,  therefore,  select  a  good  t>T)e  of  animal  for 
breeding  purposes. 


20 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


Symptoms:  A  puflfy  swelling  located  in  front  and  on 
the  inside  of  the  hock,  varying  from  the  size  of  a  walnut 
to  that  of  a  man's  fist.  It  very  seldom  causes  lameness, 
but  is  a  serious  disfigurement  and  blemish. 

Treatment:  Treatment  is  not  satisfactory  unless 
taken  in  its  first  stages  and  when  the  animal  is  young. 
If  there  is  heat,  pain  and  swelling,  apply  cold  water  or 
ice  packs  until  the  inflammation  has  left  the  parts.  Then 
use  tlie  following  prescription :  Tincture  of  Iodine,  two 
ounces :  Gum  Camphor,  two  ounces ;  Gasolene,  one  pint. 
Mix  and  shake  well  before  applying  with  a  nail  or  tooth 
brush  twice  a  week. 

I  may  add  that  I  have  derived  some  wonderful  results 
in  treatment  of  Bog  Spavin  with  the  above  mentioned 
prescription  in  both  young  and  old  animals,  and  per- 
haps it  ^nll  be  well  to  use  it  on  both  young  and  old 
animals  in  botl-  acute  and  chronic  forms  of  Bog  Spavin. 


BOTS 

(Gastrophilis) 
EflFect  of  Bots  on  the  Health  of  Horses 

Although  the  presence  of  bots  inside  of  a  horse  can  be 
of  no  possible  advantage  to  him,  their  presence,  when 
in  small  numbers,  as  a  rule  produce  very  little  or  no  ill 
effect  in  the  horse,  but  if  their  number  be  large  they 
cannot  uelp  being  a  source  of  debility  and  irritation.  In 
practically  all  cases  they  produce  indigestion,  especially 
among  young  horses,  also  loss  of  condition,  colic  and 
even  death. 

CxrsE :  By  the  bot  flies,  which  lay  their  eggs  during 
the  autumn  on  the  skin  and  hair  of  the  horses.  These 
eggs  on  becoming  hatched  (in  from  20  to  25  days)  pro- 
duce small  worms  which  irritate  the  skin  by  their  move- 
ments and  thus  cause  the  horse  to  lick  them  off  and  to 
take  thyn  into  his  mouth,  with  the  result  that  they  gain 
access  to  various  parts  of  the  intestinal  canal.    The  bot 


DISEASES   OF   THE   llOKSE 


21 


having  selected  its  place  of  residence,  attaches  itself  to 
the  membranee  lining  the  stomach  and  intestines,  and 
derives  its  sustenance  during  its  stay  from  the  wound 
made  by  its  hooks.  In  the  summer  the  larva,  after 
living  inside  the  horse  for  about  ten  months,  quits  its 
hold  and  is  expelled  with  the  feces.  Having  concealed 
itself  near  the  surface  of  the  ground  it  becomes  changid 
into  a  chrysalis  from  which  the  ga^'.ily  issues  aftt-r  an 
inactive  existence  of  from  thirty  to  forty  days.  The 
female  fly  becomes  impregnated,  lays  her  eggs  on  those 
parts  of  the  horse  from  which  they  can  be  most  easily 
licked  off,  and  thus  completes  her  cycle  o    existence. 

Symptoms  :  Membranes  about  the  eyes  and  mouth  are 
very  pale,  as  though  the  animal  had  lost  a  large  quantity 
of  blood;  they  will  also  be  subject  to  colick/  attacks,  hair 
faded,  dull,  rough  appearance,  appetite  poor  and  mani- 
fests a  pot  belly. 

Pbrvention  :    The  best  means  of  prevention  are  spray 
ing  your  horses  with  the  following  fly  repellant :     Crude 
Carbolic  Acid,  10% ;  Oil  of  Tar,  25% ;  Crude  Oil,  65%. 
Mix  thoroughly.    This  prevents  the  gadfly  from  depos- 
iting her  eggs  on  the  animals. 

Treatment  :  Withhold  all  food  for  twenty-four  hours, 
then  administer  Oil  of  Turpentine,  one  ounce ;  place  in 
a  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  Follow 
this  in  six  hours  with  a  physic  consisting  of  Aloin,  two 
drams;  Ginger,  two  drams.  Place  in  a  gelatin  capsule 
and  give  with  capsule  gun.  Repeat  the  above  treatment 
in  a  week  or  ten  days  to  insure  the  expulsion  of  Bots 
that  might  have  escaped  the  first  treatment. 


BRONCHITIS 

Cause:  It  may  be  the  result  of  debility,  constitu- 
tional diseases,  inhalation  of  impure  air,  smoke,  or 
gases.  Sometimes  brought  on  by  drpuehing  by  the 
escape  of  liquid  into  the  windpipe;  remember,  a  horse 
cannot   breathe   through  his  mouth.    It  may   also   be 


22 


THE    VETERINARIAN 


caused  l,y  sudden  chill,  foreign  bodies  in  windpipe,  micro 
organi.snis,  or  it  may  be  associated  with  influenza,  glan- 
ders, lung  fever,  etc.  ^ 

Sv.MPTo.M,s:  Sore  throat,  loss  of  appetite,  thirst,  ani- 
mal appears  dull,  membranes  of  the  mouth,  eyes  and 
nose  are  reddened;  urine  is  scanty  and  highly  colored- 
cough  dry   and  husky.    After  two  or  three  days  the 


HACK.NEY  Stallio.v  Bagtuorp  Sultax,  First  I.vteexat.oxal  Show 
Owiic.l  ).y  Homy  Fairfax  of  Virginia. 

cough  becomes  looser  and  a  frothy,  sticky  mucus  of  a 
yellowish  color  IS  present.    This  gradually  becomes  pus- 
ike,  atter  which  the  animal  seems  somewhat  relieved 
In  tlie  first  stages  the  pulse  is  soft  and  w,>ak,  but  fre- 
quently the  temperature  is  high,  ranging  from  105^  F 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


23 


to  106°  F.;  the  breathing  is  quick  and  more  <Jr  less 

difficult. 

Tbeatment  :    Place  the  horse  in  a  clean,  comfortable, 
well   ventilated    stall,    exclude   drafts,   blanket    if   the 
weather  is  chilly.    Also,  hand  rub  the  legs  and  bandage 
them.    Inhalations  from  steam  of  hot  water  and  Turpen- 
tine are  beneficial.    Also  administer  Chlorate  of  Potassi, 
two  ounces ;  Nitrate  of  Potash,  two  ounces ;  Tannic  Acid, 
one  ounce.     Mix  this  with  a  pint  of  black-strap  molasses 
and  give  about  one  tablespoonful  well  back  on  the  tongue 
with  a  wooden  paddle  every  six  hours.    In  severe  at- 
tacks of  Bronchitis  it  is  well  to  apply  a  liniment  consist- 
ing of  Turpentine,  Aqua-Ammonia  Fort.,  and  raw  Lin- 
seed Oil,  each  four  ounces;  mix  well  and  apply  to  the 
throat  and  do\\na  the  windpipe  once  or  twice  a  day.    The 
animal  should  be  fed  on  soft  food,  such  as  hot  bran 
mashes,  grass,  carrots,  kale,  apples  or  steamed  rolled 
oats.    After  the  acute  s\Tnptoms  of  tlie  disease  disap- 
pear, give  Pulverized  Gentian  Root,  one  ounce;  Nux 
Vomica,  two  ounces;  Nitrate  of  Potash,  three  ounces; 
Pulverized  Fenugreek  Seed,  six  ounces.    Mix  and  give 
one  tablespoonful  three  times  a  day  in  the  feed  or  in  a 
gelatin  capsule  and  administer  with  a  capsule  gun. 


CAPPED  KNEE 

Cause  :  Bruises  from  pawing  or  striking  objects  with 
the  knee,  falling  on  the  ground,  etc.,  are  perhaps  the 
most  common  causes. 

Symptoms  :  It  may  be  a  simple  bruise,  or  it  may  be 
a  severe  wound.  There  is  always  swelling,  heat  and 
pain  present.  The  joint  becomes  stiff  and  interferes 
with  the  movement  of  the  leg.  Under  careful  treatment 
the  swelling  and  enlargement  disappear. 

Treatment:  Relieve  the  inflammation  and  clean  the 
wound  by  fomenting  with  hot  water,  to  which  add  a  few 
drops  of' Carbolic  Acid.  If  the  wound  is  very  large,  trim 
off  the  ragged  edges  with  a  pair  of  scissors  and  apply 


4._. 


24 


THE    VETERINARIAN 


the  fonowmg:  Boracic  Acid,  two  ounces;  Iodoform,  one 
ounce;  lannie  Acid,  one  ounce.  Powder  finely,  mix  and 
apply  two  or  three  times  a  day.  If  the  skin  is  not 
broken,  apply  co.u  water  or  ice  packs  until  the  inflam- 
mation has  subsided;  then  use  the  following:  Tincture 
ot  Iodine  one  ounce;  Camphor,  two  ounces,  and  Gaso- 
eno  eight  ounces.  Apply  with  nail  or  toothbrush  every 
thirty-six  hours  until  the  enlargement  has  disappeared. 

CAPPED  HOCK 

Cause:    Some  horses  have  the  habit  of  rubbing  or 
striking  their  hocks  against  the  partition  of  their  stalls 
May  also  be  produced  by  kicks  from  other  horses,  or 
hocks  may  be  bruised  by  the  singletree 

wll?"'''''^    ^"^  enlargement  at  the  point  of  the  hock, 

^h,ch  may  run  up  along  the  tendons  and  muscles  of  the 

eg.     Repeated  injuries  cause  the  hock  to  enlarge  and 

become  flabby,  and  in  some  cases  it  contains  a  bloodv 

serum  or  pus.  "iuuuy 

Treatment  :    Do  not  attempt  to  Jance  the  puflFv  swell- 
ing on  the  point  of  the  hock,  as  you  m.y  produce  an  open 
oint,  which  IS  very  difficult  to  treat,  and  chances  are 
that  you  would  lose  the  animal. 

The  treatment  that  I  would  recommend  is  to  find  out 
the  triie  cause  and  remove  it.    When  the  puflfv  swelling 
IS  swol  en,  hot  and  painful,  apply  cold  water  or'ice  packs 
}^  hen  the  heat  and  pain  have  subsided  apply  the  follow- 
ng:     Tincture  of  Iodine,  two  ounces;  Gum  Camphor 
two  ounces,  dissolved  in  one  pint  of  Gasolene.     Shake' 
the  contents  of  the  bottle  before  using  each  time  and 
apply  with  a  nail  or  toothbrush  every  fortv-eiglit  hours 
I  his  IS  very  penetrating  and  will  remove  the  enlargement 
or  absorb  fluids  that  might  have  accumulated  from  the 
lesuJt  ot  the  bruise. 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE 


25 


CHOKING 

This  term  applies  to  obstruction  of  the  gullet  as  well 
as  that  of  the  windpipe. 

Cause  :  Too  rapid  eating,  by  which  pieces  of  carrots 
or  other  roots,  or  a  quantity  of  dry  food  become  lodged 
in  the  gullet.  Although  obstructions  of  the  windpipe 
caused  while  drenching,  or  food  entering  the  lungs,  will 
kill  an  animal  in  a  very  short  time,  obstructions  in  the 
gullet  may  not  prove  fatal  for  several  days. 

Treatment:  No  time  should  be  lost  in  attempting 
to  remove  the  obstruction  from  the  gullet.  It  may  be 
dislodged  by  gently  manipulating  the  gullet.  If  unsuc- 
cessful in  dislodging  the  obstruction  in  this  manner, 
secure  the  services  of  a  competent  v-^'erinarian.  He 
will  use  a  probang,  an  instrument  made  for  this  pur- 
pose, or  inject  Sweet  or  Olive  Oil  into  the  gullet  with 
a  hypodermic  syringe,  or  give  hypodermic  injections  of 
Arecoline.  In  administering  drenches  with  tiio  object 
of  dislodging  obstructions  in  the  gullet,  you  must  re- 
member that  the  liquids  used  are  apt  to  go  the  wrong 
way,  that  is  to  say,  enter  the  lungs,  and  give  rise  to  lung 
complications,  as  lung  fever,  bronchitis,  etc.  Obstruc- 
tions of  solid  substance  in  the  windpipe  generally  cause 
death  very  shortly.  "When  liquids  enter  the  lungs,  death 
is  not  so  apt  to  occur,  as  the  animal  may  live  several 
days,  and  sometimes  even  get  well.  They  should  be 
treated  the  same  as  for  lung  fever. 


CRACKED  HEELS 

Cal'se:  There  is  little  doubt  in  my  mind  that  am- 
monia, which  is  so  plentifully  found  in  ill-kept  stables, 
is  the  chief  cause  of  cracked  heels.  The  action  ot"  am- 
monia on  the  skin  renders  it  soft  and  pulpy,  and  dimin- 
ishes its  strength  by  separating  the  layers  of  which  it 
is  composed. 

Symptoms  :  Wlien  inflammation  is  sot  up  in  the  part, 
the  secretion  of  natural  oil  is  interfered  with  and  cracks 


26 


THE    VETERINARIAN 


usually  occur  in  the  place  where  the  skin  becomes 
wrinkled  when  the  pastern  joint  is  bent.  The  discharge 
from  cracked  heels  has  an  offensive  smell.  In  early 
stages  there  is  exticme  heat  and  swelling,  there  is  pain 
and  lameness,  which  usually  disappear  as  the  c.^  • 
becomes  chronic. 

Treatment:    Keep  the      -^eeted  parts  clean  as  pos- 
sible, if  there  is  extreme  iiulammation  present.    Apply 
hot  poultice  made  from  bran  or  flaxseed  moal.     When 
the  inflammation  subsides,  apply  Zinc  Ointment  twice 
daily.    Before  applying  each  application  of  ointment 
wash  with  Warm  Water  and  Castile  Soap.    Feed  earrots 
green  grass,  if  possible,  also  hot  bran  mashes  or  steam' 
rolled  oats  each  morning.    Sometimes  it  is  well  to  give 
a  physic,  and  I  would  recommend  Aloin,  one  and  one-half 
drams;  Ginger,  two  drams.    A  physic  has  verv  good 
effect  m  reducing  the  swelling  of  the  legs. 


COFFIN.JOINT    LAMENESS 

(Navicular  Disease) 

Cause:  Driving  young  animals  on  hard  roads  \1- 
ways  found  in  the  front  feet,  owing  no  doubt  to  the  fact 
the  front  feet  support  largely  the  weight  of  the  body. 

Symptoms:    The  s>-mptoms  are  very  hard  to  detect 
As  a  rule  the  animal  will  point  the  affected  foot  when 
at  rest  even  before  there  Ip  any  lameness  present.    While 
at  work  he  apparently  goes  sound,  but  when  placed  in 
the  stable,  or  when  stopped  on  hard  ground,  one  foot 
will  be  set  out  in  front  of  the  other  and  resting  on  the 
toe.    It  will  be  noticed  that  the  animal  takes  a  few  lame 
steps  and  then  goes  well  again.    Again  he  mav  I)e  lame 
for  a  day,  or  he  may  leave  the  stable  in  the  morning 
apparently  well  and  sound  and  go  lame  during  the  dav 
In  the  course  of  time  lie  will  develop  a  severe  ease  of 
lameness,  which  may  last  for  five  or  six  days.     These 
spells  are  intermittent  and  finally  he  becom^es  perma- 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


27 


nently  lame,  and  the  more  he  is  driven  the  greater  the 
lameness,  and  he  steps  short,  wears  the  toe  of  the  shoe, 
stumbles,  falls  on  his  knees  when  the  road  is  rough. 
Sometimes  both  front  feet  are  affected  and  the  shoulders 
will  be  stiff.  When  put  to  work  he  sweats  from  pain; 
there  will  be  extreme  heat  about  the  foot,  and  he  will 
flinch  from  pressure. 

Comparatively  few  recoveries  are  made  from  this  dis- 
ease. 

Treatment:  First  remove  the  shoe.  If  the  foot  is 
inflamed,  poultice  with  hot  bran  or  flaxseed  meal. 
After  the  inflammation  disappears,  clean  the  foot  well, 
clip  the  hair  from  around  the  top  of  the  hoof  and  use 
the  following :  Red  Iodide  of  Mercur j-,  two  drams ;  Pul- 
verized Cantharides,  four  drams;  Turpentine,  thirty 
drops;  Lard,  two  ounces.  Mix  well  and  apply  every 
forty-eight  hours,  rubbing  in  well  for  twenty  minutes 
each  time.  After  three  or  four  applications  have  been 
applied,  turn  the  animal  out  to  pasture.  Repeat  this 
treatment  again  in  a  month  or  so.  Animals  affected 
with  this  disease  should  be  put  to  slow  and  easy  work 
on  soft  ground,  and  carefully  shod.  This  disease  is  un- 
satisfactorily treated  and  only  a  few  cases  recover  when 
the  best  care  is  taken. 


CORNS 

se:  Dry  i  t,  increased  pressure  from  ill  fitting 
shoes,  or  high  heeled  shoes,  .vhich  tend  to  contract  the 
heels  and  produce  corns.  Wide  flat  feet  are  predisposed 
to  bruises  which  terminate  in  coma. 

Symptoms:  Lameness,  or  as  the  old  saying  goes, 
"The  animal  will  go  tenderf ooted. "  When  standing  the 
animal  is  generally  very  restless,  they  paw  their  b.,ilding 
behind  them  at  night.  Tapping  or  pressure  on  the  foot 
will  assist  in  locating  a  corn. 

Treatment  :    Discover  the  true  cause  of  the  corn  and 


28 


TJIE    VETEKINAKIAN 


miiovo  It  if  i.ossil,lo.     Take  away  all  pn-ssuro  from  over 
the  corn  and  tnrn  the  animal  out  in  son.o  danip  j.asture 
If  tins  cannot  be  ilonc,  put  on  a  Hat  "bar"  shoe,  packing 
the  8oh^  of  the  foot  with  Pine  Tar  an.l  Oakun. ;  then  place 
a  Icatli.'r  b,.(vv<.en  the  foot  and  shoe.     Kepcat  thi.  apr.li 


<LVDESDALE    HlALLlOX    SiR    EvEE^lRo    (o353). 

^^ho   .v,n..l    n.yon   O  r.,„.l,lyvi,.,  uho  nas  soM    for  .f  1.^,00,,  .,„    t„e 
Higliest  J'n...  ov,  ,   i,ai,l  tor  a  Draft  Stallion. 


cation  every  two  weeks,  as  this  will  keep  the  sole  soft 
an.l  nexible.  and  with  ,)roper  shoein-  your  animal  will 
ue  relieved  of  corns. 

Frequently  coffin-joint  lameness  or  navicul- 
1!^  mistaken  for  corns. 


di 


sen  SI' 


DISEASES   OF   T.UE   HORSE 


29 


CONSTIPATION 

Cacse:  Indigestible  foods,  irregular  feeding,  lack  of, 
or  too  much,  exercise,  insufficient  secretion  of  digestive 
niati'rials,  strictures,  ruptures,  paralysis,  worms,  folding 
and  twisting  of  the  intestines,  which  frequently  occurs 
in  old  age. 

Symptoms:  The  animal  cannot  expel  thr  contents  of 
the  intestines,  which  frequently  causes  colicky  pains. 
Death  from  this  form  of  constipation  is  generally  due 
to  rupture  of  the  intestines,  when  due  to  indigestible 
foods  or  irregular  feeding.  Lack  of,  or  too  much,  exer- 
cise seldom  produces  death,  although  the  animal  may  not 
pass  any  fecal  matter  for  a  week. 

Treatment:  Give  a  capsule  containing  Aloin,  two 
drams,  and  Pulverized  Ginger,  two  drams,  every  eighteen 
hours  until  the  animal  has  a  movement  of  the  bowels. 
Then  give  the  following  tonic :  Pulverized  Nux  Vomica, 
two  ounces;  Pulverized  Gentian  Root,  two  ounces;  Pul- 
verized Fenugreek  Seed,  four  ounces.  Mix  well  and  give 
one  tablespoonful  in  feed  three  times  a  day.  If  the 
animal  refuses  to  eat  it  in  the  feed,  place  one  tablespoon- 
ful in  gelatin  capsule  and  administer  with  capsule  gun. 
This  will  stimulate  the  worm-like  movement  of  the  bowels 
and  strengthen  the  heart  action. 

Give  the  animal  all  the  water  it  will  drink.  If  the 
water  is  cold,  take  the  chill  off  by  warming  or  adding 
warm  water.  If  the  animal  will  eat,  feed  food  that  is 
easily  digested,  such  as  grass,  carrots,  turnips,  potatoes 
and  apples,  but  do  not  feed  too  large  a  quantity  at  one 
time.  Hot  bran  mashes  or  steamed  rolled  oats  are  very 
nourishing  and  easily  digested.  Rectal  injections  of 
Soap  and  Turpentine  in  small  quantities,  added  to  warm 
water,  are  very  beneficial,  and  I  would  recommend  their 
use.  It  is  advisable  to  elevate  the  animal's  hind  parts 
when  giving  rectal  injections,  as  compelling  the  animal 
to  stand  with  its  head  lower  than  its  hind  parts  will 
cause  the  animal  to  retain  the  injection  much  longer, 
oonsequently  it  does  its  intended  work  much  better. 


30 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


« 


If  due  to  worms,  fast  the  animal  for  twenty-four  hours 
and  give  Barbadocs  Aloes,  three  drams;  Calomel,  one 
dram;  Ferri  Sulphate,  two  drams;  Antimony  Tartrate, 
two  drams.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  cap- 
sule gim.  This  dose  should  be  repeated  in  ten  days  to 
insure  the  expulsion  of  newly  hatched  worms. 


COLD 

(i^asal  Catarrh) 

Cause:  Atmospheric  changes  common  in  the  spring 
and  fall ;  animal  allowed  to  chill  when  standing  in  a  draft, 
or  driven  when  the  system  is  in  a  poor  condition.  It  is 
also  produced  by  inhaling  irritating  gases,  smoke, 
drenching  through  the  nose,  dusty  hay  or  grain  that 
contains  infectious  matter. 

Symptoms  :  Animal  is  stupid,  does  not  take  food  very 
freely,  hair  stands  and  looks  dusty,  throat  becomes  sore, 
pulse  is  not  greatly  affected.  There  may  be  a  slight  rise 
of  temperature,  say  101°  F.  to  103°  F.  After  a  day  or 
two  there  will  be  a  discharge  of  mucus  from  the  nostrils 
which  may  be  offensive  to  the  smell.  There  is  generally 
an  increased  flow  of  urine.  The  breathing  is  not  much 
affected. 

Tkeatment:  Make  the  animal  as  comfortal)le  as  pos- 
sible by  placing  in  a  clean  stall  with  pure  air,  but  avoid 
drafts.  Blanket  if  the  weather  is  chilly  and  give  the  fol- 
lowing prescription:  Chloride  of  Potash,  two  ounces; 
Xitrate  of  Potash,  four  ounces.  Mix  these  well  in  a  pint 
of  Pine  Tar  and  place  about  one  tablespoonful  of  the 
nixture  as  far  back  on  the  tongue  as  possible  every  six 
hours.  Relief  is  very  certain  if  this  treatment  is  given 
in  the  first  stages.  If  not  it  will  become  chronic  and  ter- 
minate into  nasal  gleet,  or  lung  complications. 


i  f 


Cough 

(Acute  and  Chronic) 
As  a  cough  is  a  sj-mptom  of  various  diseases,  these  in 
addition  to  the  cough  should  be  treated. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


31 


Kinds  of  Cough:  Many  writers  give  several  dif- 
ferent varieties,  but  for  sake  of  convenience  I  will  divide 
them  into  two  forms,  namely:    Acute  and  Chronic. 

Cause:  Acute  Coughs  are  generally  due  to  sudden 
exposure  to  cold,  drafts  and  are  the  forerunning  symptom 
of  a  disease  of  the  organs  of  breathing. 

Chronic  Coughs  are  associated  with,  and  often  a  result 
of,  sore  throat,  lung  fever,  pleurisy,  bronchitis,  broken 
wind,  influenza,  nasal  gleet,  catarrh,  glanders,  heaves  and 
distemper. 

Tbeatment:  Under  each  disease  of  which  a  cough  is 
a  symptom,  I  have  also  prescribed  to  include  its  sup- 
pression. The  following  prescription  is  reasonable  in 
price,  yet  very  effective  in  all  forms  of  cough:  Tannic 
Acid,  one  ounce;  Potassi  Chlorate,  four  ounces;  Potass! 
Nitrate,  four  ounces.  Powder  well  and  mix  with  Black 
Strap  Molasses,  one  pint;  ^dacing  container  retainins;; 
the  above  in  hot  water  assists  in  dissolving.  When  this 
is  thoroughly  mixed  add  Pine  Tar  one  pint,  and  place 
one  tablespoonful  well  back  on  the  tongue  with  a  wooden 
paddle  every  three  or  four  hours,  according  to  the 
severity  of  the  cough. 

Sometimes  a  liniment  applied  to  the  throat  and  wind- 
pipe has  a  good  effect,  and  I  would  recommend  the  fol- 
lowing on  account  of  its  penetrating  qualities:  Aqua 
-Vmmonia  Fort.,  two  ounces;  Turpentine,  two  ounces; 
Raw  Linseed  Oil,  four  ovmces.  Mix  and  apply  twice 
daily,  shaking  the  contents  of  the  bottle  well  before 
using. 


COLT  CONSTIPATION 

Cause:  Improper  digestion  of  its  motbc~'s  milk,  es- 
pecially when  overheated  or  not  allowed  to  nurse  enough. 

Symptoms  :  The  colt  appears  stupid ;  does  not  care  to 
move  about,  but  lies  flat  on  either  side  and  shows  signs 
of  great  paiu. 


32 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


Treatment  :  Give  two  tablespoonfuls  of  Cascara  Sa- 
grada.  Great  care  must  be  exercised  in  administering  the 
medicine  to  place  it  well  back  on  the  tongue ;  do  not  hold 
the  nose  high  or  some  of  the  liquid  may  enter  the  lungs ; 
it  is  much  better  to  waste  some  of  the  medicine.  One 
of  the  most  important  factors  in  the  treatment  of  Colt 
Constipation  is  rectal  injections;  they  relieve  tempera- 
ture, gases,  and  pain,  promoting  the  worm-like  action 
of  the  bowels  and  liquefying  their  contents. 


COLT  DIARRHCEA 

Cause:  Specific  infection,  the  action  of  which  is  fa- 
vored by  insanitary  conditions,  irregular  feeding,  or  per- 
mitting the  colt  to  nurse  when  the  mother  is  overheated 
or  out  of  condition. 

Symptoms:  >^requent  watery  discharges,  sometimes 
tinged  with  blood,  and  as  the  disease  progresses  the  colt 
shows  signs  of  great  pain.  If  not  treated  promptly,  the 
disease  will  terminate  fatally  in  the  course  of  six  or 
ten  days. 

Treatment:  Determine  the  exact  cause,  if  possible, 
and  remove  it.  If  the  colt  has  not  been  weaned,  atten- 
tion should  at  once  be  given  the  mare,  and  if  anjihing 
is  wrong  with  her,  it  may  be  best  to  take  the  little 
patient  away  from  its  mother  and  feed  it  on  cow's  milk 
sweetened  with  sugar.  Give  two  tablespoonfuls  of  Cas- 
tor Oil  on  the  tongue ;  this  will  remove  the  irritant  within 
the  bowels.  The  following  prescription  is  a  very  reli- 
able remedy:  Protan,  three  ounces;  Pulv.  Ginger,  four 
drams;  Zinc  Sulphocarbolates,  four  grains.  Mix  and 
make  into  twelve  powders;  give  one  powder  on  the 
tongue  every  four  hours,  effecting  a  cure  within  a  few 
days.  Do  not  pull  the  tongue,  or  hold  the  head  too  high. 
Permit  the  animal  to  swallow  slowly.  Remember  that 
sanitary  surroundings  are  essential  in  the  treatment  of 
all  diseases. 


I  IL. 


l^JUSJi^SES  UF   THE  HORSE 


33 


CURB 

Cause:  Fnulty  couformation  of  the  hind  legs;  that 
is  to  say,  if  an  animal  has  crooked  legs,  a  slight  sprain 
from  slipping  or  jumping  will  produce  Curb.  In  cases 
whore  an  animal  has  well  proportioned  limbs,  and  is 
afflicted  with  Curb,  it  is  caused  by  a  rupture  of  the  small 
ligament  or  cord  situated  just  back  of  the  hock. 

Symptoms:  A  swelling  will  be  noticed  on  the  back 
part  of  the  hock.  At  first  the  animal  is  lame  and  the 
enlargement  is  hot  and  painful.  After  a  few  days'  rest 
the  inflammation  will  partially  subside  and  the  enlarge- 
ment can  be  plainly  seen.  When  the  animal  is  walked 
about  he  may  be  very  lame  at  the  start,  but  this  will  dis- 
appear as  he  is  moved. 

Treatment  :  When  the  Curb  is  hot  and  painful,  it  is 
well  to  apply  ice  packs  or  cold  water  to  the  part.  When 
the  inflammation  subsides,  apply  Red  Iodide  of  Mercury, 
two  drams ;  Lard,  two  ounces.  Mix  and  rub  in  well  for 
twenty  minutes;  repeat  every  forty-eight  hours  until 
i.uee  applications  are  applied.  If  the  Curb  is  of  long 
standing  it  is  more  difficult  to  treat,  in  which  case  the 
above  treatment  should  be  repeated  again  in  two  or  three 
months.  Do  not  u?o  the  animal  in  drawing  heavy  loads, 
or  drive  on  slippery  roads,  "or  six  months.  Give  the 
blister  time  to  strengthen  the  luptured  tendons.  A  high- 
heeled  shoe  is  often  valuable  in  relieving  tendons  of 

their  tension.  

DIARRHCEA 

Cause  :  Sudden  change  of  food,  frozen  food,  soft  food, 
unwholesome  food,  stagnant  water,  or  drinking  large 
quantities  of  water  at  one  time,  purgative  medicines,  or 
it  may  be  associated  with  blood  diseases,  lung  and  in- 
testinal a^ections,  or  produced  by  micro-organisms. 
Many  horses,  particularly  slack  loined,  slight,  "washy" 
nnimals,  purge  if  worked  or  excited,  as  may  be  observed 
among  race  horses  when  taken  to  a  race  course.  Diar- 
rhffa  may  also  be  due  to  worms,  or  it  may  be  merely 


34 


THK    VETERINARIAN 


DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE 


35 


an  effort  on  the  part  of  nature  to  expel  somo  irritant 
matter  from  the  ijowels  or  from  the  blood,  in  which  case 
it  should  on  no  account  be  prematurely  checked. 

Symptoms:  Frequent  loose  evacuations  of  the  intes- 
tines, with  or  without  pronounced  abdominal  puin;  gen- 
erally, loss  of  appetite,  animal  looks  gaunt  and  the  hair 
rough. 

Tkeatment:  Keep  the  animal  quiet,  comfortably 
stabled  and  warmly  blanketed.  Give  pure  water  to 
<lrink,  often,  but  in  small  quantities.  If  the  animal  will 
cat,  f"ed  moderately  on  clean  food,  as  rolled  oats  and 
dry  bran.  Also,  give  tlu'  following  prescription:  Pro- 
tan,  three  ounces;  Zinc  Sulphocarbolates,  ten  grains; 
Creosote,  one  dram;  Powdered  Ginger,  two  ounces;  Pow- 
dered Gum  Catechu,  six  drams;  Powdered  Gum  Cam- 
phor, one-half  dram.  Mix  ana  make  eight  powders. 
Place  one  powder  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  cap- 
sule gun,  or  the  same  sized  dose  dissolved  in  a  pint  of 
water  and  used  as  a  drench.  However,  be  very  careful 
when  drenching  an  animal.  It  is  dangerous.  This  pre- 
scription will  not  only  check  the  diarrhoea,  but  will  tone 
the  muscular  fibres  of  the  intestines  which  aid  in  throw- 
ing off  these  irritant  matters  from  the  system.  If  the 
liorse  shows  colicky  pains,  administer  the  same  treat- 
ment as  that  recommended  for  colic.  It  is  well  to  give 
the  following  treatment  in  the  convalescing  stages  of 
diarrha?a :  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces ;  Ferri  Sul- 
phate, four  ounces ;  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  four  ounces ;  Pulv. 
Fenugreek  Seed,  eight  ounces.  Mix  and  give  one  heap- 
ing tablespoonful  three  times  daily  in  feed.  This  facili- 
tates digestion  by  stimulating  the  flow  of  gastric  juices. 


DISTEMPER 

Cause  :  Distemper  is  placed  among  the  germ  diseases, 
and  is  produoed  hv  the  Streptoeoeeus  of  Sehutz.  It  is 
contagious  and  a  number  of  animals  in  the  same  stable 
may  become  affected  at  the  same  time.    It  is  supposed 


36 


thp:  \eterixarian 


1   « 
,1   J- 


I  I 


to  attack  an  animal  but  onco,  hut  it  may  be  contraetod  a 
second  time.     May  occur  at  any  time  of  the  year. 

Symptoms:    The  animal  will  first  appear  dull,  and 

show  loss  of  appetite,  and  the  hair  will  look  dull  and 

rou^li.     There  will  be  a  watery  discliar^e  from  the  nose, 

and  in  a  day  or  so  a  lump  will  appear  between  the  jaws; 

the  animal  keeps  his  head  in  a  peculiar  position;  saliva 

runs  from  its  mouth;  the  pulse  will  be  a  little  faster  than 

normal.     The  breathiii;?  will  become  more  rapid  and  the 

lump  between  the  jaws  will  get  larger.     This  lump,  or 

tumor,  may  form  in  other  parts  of  the  body,  on  the 

shoulder,  in  the  groin,  lungs  or  intestines.    It  usually 

causes  death  if  it  cannot  be  absorbed.     This  is  called 

irregular   distemper.     A  determined   effort  should  be 

made  to  draw  the  lump,  or  tumor,  to  a  head  as  soon  as 

possible. 

Treatment:    Place   the   horse   in   a   clean,   well-ven- 
tilated and  lighted  stall,  excluding  all  drafts,  blanket  the 
animal,  hand  rub  the  legs  and  bandage  them ;  give  inha- 
lations of  steam  from  Hot  Water  and  Turpentine.     A 
good  method  for  heating  water  for  this  purpose  is  to 
place  hot  stones  or  bricks  in  the  water  and  Turpentine. 
This  will  relieve  the  hard  breathing.    Remember  a  horse 
cannot   breathe  through   his   mouth,   therefore,   liquid 
drenches  are  dangerous.    A  paste  made  from  Potassi 
Chlorate,  two  ounces ;  Potassi  Nitrate,  two  ounces,  dis- 
solved in  a  pint  of  warm  molasses  and  given  well  back 
on  the  tongue  in  tablespoonful  doses  every  two  or  three 
hours  is  very  beneficial.    A  liniment  made  from  equal 
parts  of  Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  Turpentine  and  Sweet  Oil 
should  be  applied  every  morning  over  the  enlargement 
that  appears  in  the  region  of  the  throat.    If  the  enlarge- 
ment fails  to  come  to  a  head,  secure  the  services  of  an 
accomplished  veterinarian,  who  will  use  a  clean  instru- 
ment for  lancing  purposes. 

After  an  attack  of  distemper  your  horse  is  generally 
run  down  in  condition.     Give  the  following:     Potassi 


L 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


37 


Nitrate,  four  ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces; 
Pulv.  Anise  Seed,  eight  ounces.  :Make  into  thirty-two 
powders  and  give  one  powder  three  times  daily  in  feed. 

DROPSY 

(Of  the  Belly,  Chest,  Sheath,  Udder  and  Lens) 
Cause  :     Poor  circulation ;  kidneys  not  working  prop- 
erly; lack  of  exercise;  diseases  of  the  lungs,  liver,  heart, 
Avom'b  or  slieatii.     Mares  heavy  with  foal  often  have 
dropsical  swellings. 

Symptoms:  Swelling  seldom  contains  fluid,  although 
sometimes  a  sticky  serum  oozes  through  the  skin ;  fin- 
gers pressed  against  the  swollen  parts  leave  impressions. 
Treatment:  Avoid  giving  physics  in  this  condition 
when  possible,  especially  to  mares  with  foal.  Feed  laxa- 
tive food,  as  hot  bran  mashes,  green  grass,  carrots,  pota- 
toes, etc.;  also  the  following  mixture:  Potassi  Iodide, 
two  ounces;  Potassi  Nitrate,  four  ounces;  Chloride  of 
Potash,  two  ounces.  Mix  and  make  into  sixteen  powders. 
Place  one  powder  in  their  drinking  water  three  times  a 
day.  Exercise  the  animal  as  much  as  possible  and  you 
will  derive  good  results  from  this  treatment  within  a 

week  or  so. 

I  may  add  that  in  the  above  affection  it  is  a  bad  prac- 
tice to  apply  hot  applications,  as  the  chances  are  it  would 
produce  a  sloughing  of  the  skin. 


ECZEMA 

Cause:  Anything  that  interferes  with  the  healthy 
action  of  the  skin,  as  checked  sweating,  irritation  from 
dirty  blankets  or  harness,  or  from  accumulation  of  dirt 
on  the  skin  through  want  of  grooming,  errors  in  feed- 
ing, overheat,  or  by  infection.  In  some  cases  the  cause 
seems  to  be  constitutional ;  in  others,  local.  Though  the 
disease  is  not  parasitic  in  character,  it  is  probable  that 
when  once  contracted  the  diseased  parts  may  be  become 
infected. 


38 


THE    VETERINARIAN 


'? 


1    I 


Symptoms:  Slight  dryness  and  eruptions  that  may 
affect  the  head,  ears,  neck,  shoulders,  flanks,  inside  of 
thighs  and  root  of  the  tail,  followed  by  vesicles  or  pim- 
ples which  burst  and  discharge,  or  the  contents  may  be 
absorbed.  The  animal  will  rub  against  the  stall,  manger, 
or  any  other  object  he  can  reach,  until  the  parts  are  very 
sore,  or  if  worked,  Le  will  rub  himself  violently  when 
unharnessed. 

Treatment:  Give  Fowler's  Solution  of  Arsenic,  one 
tablespoonful  morning  and  night  on  their  feed ;  also  give 
a  physic  consisting  of  two  drams  of  Aloin  and  two  drams 
of  Pulverized  Ginger  in  gelatin  capsule.  Give  at  one 
dose.  One  physic  is  all  that  is  necessary  to  cool  out  the 
blood,  which  will  assist  materially  in  treating  Eczema. 
Also,  apply  Zinc  Ointment  twice  daily  over  the  vesicles 
or  pimples  which  will  appear  on  the  skin.  Also,  feed 
easily  digested  food  if  possible,  such  as  carrots,  apples, 
grass,  hot  bran  mashes  and  steamed  rolled  oats,  and  keep 
the  animal  clean  and  groom  carefully  with  clean  combs 
and  brushes.  

EYE  DISEASES 

CoxjuxcTiviTis,  or  Inflammation  of  the  superficial 
structure  of  the  eye. 

Cause  :  Direct  or  indirect  injury  to  the  eye,  as  a  blow 
from  a  whip,  dust,  sand  or  chaff  in  the  eye,  or  it  may  be 
due  to  extreme  cold,  beat,  or  foul  air. 

Inflammation  of  the  Membrane  of  Nictitans 
The  membrane  of  nictation  is  an  accessory  eyelid 
connnon  to  all  domestic  animals,  the  purpose  of  which 
is  to  remove  foreign  substances  from  the  eye  in  much 
the  same  manner  as  we  use  the  hand. 

Symptoms:  Conjunctivitis  and  inflammation  of  the 
membranes  of  nictitans  are  very  much  the  same.  A  par- 
tial or  complete  closure  of  the  eye,  and  a  waterv  dis- 
charsre  due  to  overstimulation  of  the  lachrj^al  glands, 
the  fluid  being  secreted  so  abundantly  that  it  is  impos- 


L 


^i^ngnin. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


39 


sible  for  the  tear  duct  to  carry  it  away ;  hence,  there  will 
be  a  continuous  overflow  of  tears  down  the  horse's  face. 
The  formation  of  a  film  or  scum  over  the  eye  need  not 
cause  alarm  if  the  eye  shows  no  sign  of  punctuw. 

Treatment:  Examine  the  eye  carefully  and  remove 
any  foreign  body  with  clean  cloth  or  feather  and  apply 
the  following :  Yellow  Oxide  of  Mercury,  three  grains ; 
Lanolin,  one  ounce.  Mix  well  together  and  apply  to  the 
eye  three  or  four  times  daily.  Avoid  the  use  of  liquid 
medicines,  as  they  are  hard  to  apply,  and  the  animal 
throws  them  out  by  shaking  the  head. 


FISTULOUS  WITHERS 

Cause:  .oiulous  Withers  are  seen  mostly  in  horses 
that  have  a  thick  neck  as  well  as  those  that  are  very 
high  in  the  withers,  or  among  saddle  horses,  those  that 
are  very  low  on  the  withers,  the  saddle  here  riding 
forward  and  bruising  the  parts.  They  are  often  caused 
by  ill-fitting  collars  or  saddles,  by  direct  injury  from 
blows,  and  from  the  horse  rolling  upon  rough,  sharp 
stones.  In  this  location,  the  ulcer  of  the  skin  or  a  sim- 
ple abscess,  if  not  properly  and  punctually  treated,  may 
terminate  into  Fistula.  The  pus  burrows  and  finds 
lodgment  deep  do  w^n  between  the  muscles,  and  escapes 
only  when  the  sinuses  become  surd  arged  when,  during 
motion  of  the  muscles,  the  pus  is  forced  to  the  surface. 

Symptoms:  These  of  course  wiii  vary  according  to 
the  progress  made  by  the  Fistula.  .fr'oUowing  an  injury 
we  may  often  notice  soreness  or  stiffness  of  the  front 
legs,  and  upoi.  careful  examination  jf  the  withers  we 
Avill  see  small  tortuous  lines  running  from  the  point  of 
irritation  downwards  and  backwards  over  the  region  of 
the  shoulder.  The  stiffness  of  the  limbs  may  disappear 
at  this  time,  and  heat  and  soreness  of  the  parts  may  be- 
come less  noticeable,  but  the  swelling  of  the  shoulders 
continues  to  enlarge.  The  swelling  may  often  have  the 
form  of  a  running  ulcer,  or  its  contents  may  dry  up  and 


'i 


*  ^ 

I 


40 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


leave  a  tumor,  which  gradually  develops  the  common 
characteristic  of  a  fistulous  tumor.  When  the  enlarge- 
ment has  an  opening,  we  should  carefully  examine  the 
pus  cavity,  as  upon  this  condition  will  wholly  depend  our 
treatment. 

Treatment  :  Keep  the  animal  as  quiet  as  possible,  as 
any  movements  of  the  limbs  cause  the  pus  to  spread 
between  the  lines  of  the  muscles  and  form  larger  ab- 
scesses or  tumors.  "When  the  bone  becomes  diseased,  it 
is  very  difficult  to  effect  a  cure,  especially  where  the  pus 
burrows  back  of  the  Scapula  (Shoulder  Blade).  In  case 
the  abscess  is  newly  formed,  and  close  to  the  surface, 
syringing  out  with  a  solution  made  from  Bichloride  of 
Mercury,  five  grains  to  one  ounce  of  water,  generally 
causes  the  white  fibrous  tissue  to  slough  away  and  the 
parts  to  heal  rapidly.  If  the  abscess  is  deep,  and  the 
bones  become  diseased,  the  pus  will  have  a  very  offensive 
odor,  and  I  would  recommend  the  services  of  a  compe- 
tent Veterinarian  to  remove  all  diseased  portions  of 

bone  or  muscle.  

FILARIAE 
(Thread-like  Worm) 
Cause  :  Drinking  stagnant  water,  or  eating  hay  gath- 
ered from  swamps  or  marshy  land.  AVhen  full  grown, 
the  wonn  measures  from  two  to  six  inches  in  length ;  the 
tail  is  more  or  loss  curved.  They  are  found  in  the  lung 
cavity,  the  heart  sac,  and  the  intestinal  cavity,  from 
which  they  sometimes  descend  into  the  sac  containing 
the  testicles.  Animals  said  to  have  a  snake  in  the  eye 
have  been  exhibited  as  curiosities;  in  all  case?  the  simu- 
lated snake  was  nothing  more  than  the  Filariae. 

Symptoms:  Colicky  spells;  poor  appetite,  indiges- 
tion, pot-belly,  rough  coat ;  swelling  of  the  sheath,  legs, 
and  the  lower  surface  of  the  belly. 

Treatment:  Prevention  is  the  only  treatment,  for 
when  the  w  rms  once  enter  the  digestive  canal,  it  i> 
impossible  to  remove  them. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


41 


FOUNDER 

Cause:  Overeating  or  drinking— in  face,  any  irrita- 
tion of  tlie  stoinacli  or  intestines  is  liable-  to  be  followed 
by  Founder,  owing  to  the  similarity  in  the  sensitive 
structure?  of  the  foot,  skin,  and  mucous  membranes. 
Horses  with  weak  feet  are  predisposed  to  Founder,  but 
it  may  also  occui  in  strong-footed  animals.  Founder  is 
also  produced  by  driving  an  animal  on  a  hot  summer  day 
and  then  placing  in  the  stable  where  the  sweat  is  sud- 
denly checked  by  drafts,  etc. 

Symptoms  :  The  horse  is  stiff,  and  moves  with  great 
difficulty;  he  will  generally,  though  not  always,  remain 
litanding.  Throws  weight  upon  the  heel  of  the  foot  to 
relieve  the  toe,  and  if  an  effort  is  made  to  back  him  he 
will  drag  his  feet.  Excessive  heat  is  present  at  the  top 
of  the  hoof,  and  a  throbbing  of  the  arteries  may  be  felt. 
When  the  fore  feet  only  are  affected,  the  horse  will  re- 
lieve them  of  as  much  weight  as  possible  when  walHng 
by  placing  the  hind  feet  w^ell  under  the  body,  which 
results  in  a  peculiar  jumping  motion.  Founder  may  oc- 
cur in  all  four  feet,  but  the  fore  foet  are  more  often 
affected  than  the  hind  ones.  Mares  sometimes  founder 
after  giving  birth  to  a  colt,  due  to  inflammation  of  the 
womb ;  sj-mptoms  correspond  to  those  of  common  Foun- 
der. Founder  may  be  mistaken  for  disease  of  the  lungs 
or  kidneys,  owing  to  the  standing  position  and  arched 
back.  Veterinarians  have  been  known  to  mistake  it  for 
lung  fever;  the  services  of  such  men  are  dangerous  and 
should  bi'  avoided. 

Treatm>n-t:  In  all  cases  of  Founder,  administer  Po- 
tass! Iodide,  one  ounce ;  Soda  Bicarbonate,  four  ounces ; 
Potassi  Nitrate,  four  ounces.  Mix  and  give  one  table- 
spoonful  in  drinking  water  every  six  hours.  If  the 
animal  will  not  take  it  in  its  water,  place  in  gelatin  cap- 
sule and  givo  with  capsule  gun. 

Find  out  the  true  cause  of  the  disease,  if  possible,  and 
perhaps  a  physic  will  be  indicated,  containing  Aloin, 


42  THE   VETERLXARIAN 

two  drams;  Ginger,  two  drams;  place  it  in  a  capsule 
and  give  with  capsule  gun.  If  desired  results  are  not 
obtained  in  eighteen  hours,  repeat  the  dose  until  there 
is  an  action  of  the  bowels.  Founder  following  excessive 
irritation  of  the  stomach  and  intestines,  or  mares  heavy 
with  foal,  should  not  receive  physics.  Feed  food  that 
is  easily  digested,  as  carrots,  kale,  apples,  potatoes,  hot 
bran  mashes,  or  steamed  rolled  oats,  etc. 

It  is  well  to  elevate  the  hind  quarters  and  give  rectal 
injections  of  Warm  Water  and  Glycerine.  Stand  in 
mud  or  water,  or  apply  bags  containing  nmd,  Ijran  or 
ice;  in  fact,  anything  that  will  have  a  cool,  moist  effect 
on  the  feet. 

After  the  inflammation  of  the  feet  has  subsided,  and 
the  animal  walks  fairly  well,  you  should  apply  a  blister 
containing  Red  Iodide  of  Mercury,  two  drams;" Lard,  two 
ounces,  around  the  top  of  the  hoofs,  and  rub  in  well 
twice  forty-eight  hours  apart.  In  some  cases  of  Foun- 
der it  is  recommended  to  bh-ed  the  animal  in  the  foot. 
If  this  is  attempted,  good  disinfectants  should  be  used, 
as  lock-jaw  might  follow. 


i 


•^ 


GALLS 

Cause:  Injuries  from  ill-fitting  collars,  sadctx.'S,  har- 
ness, hobbles  and  scalping-boots. 

Tbeatment:  Remove  the  cause.  Never  wash  a  Gall 
with  water,  as  this  prevents  its  healing,  nor  use  oils  or 
salves,  as  they  accumulate  dirt,  dust  and  germs,  Avhich 
,  may  cause  infection.  The  following  application  makes 
a  very  valuable  dressing  for  Galls :  Boracic  Acid,  one 
ounce;  Corn  Starch,  one  ounce;  Tannic  Acid,  one-half 
ounce;  Iodoform,  one  dram.  Powder  finely  and  place  in 
sifter-top  can.  Dust  on  Gal'  before  going  to  work  and 
on  retiring.  This  heals  and  refreshes  the  Galls  and 
wounds  by  forming  a  smooth  surface  over  the  part,  which 
permits  it  to  heal  while  the  horse  works. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


43 


GREASE  HEEL 

Cause  :     Parasitic  fungi  invading  cracked  heels. 

Symptoms:  Offensive  (fiscliarge  from  tlie  glands  un- 
der the  skin,  and  if  not  properly  treated,  red  spots  will 
appear,  and  the  yellow  discharge  will  form  a  hard  crust 
sticking  to  the  roots  of  the  hair. 

Tbeatmext:  Cleanliness  is  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant measures.  Also,  good  nourishing  food.  If  the  skin 
is  swollen  and  tender,  poultice  with  hot  Flaxseed  Meal  or 
bran.  After  the  swelling  and  tenderness  have  abated, 
wash  well  with  good  Castile  Soap  and  Warm  Water. 
Dry  with  clean  cloth  and  apply  the  following  mixl  re: 
Calomel,  one  dram;  Iodoform,  one  dram;  Boracic  Ajid, 
one  ouiice.  Mix  well  and  apply  two  to  three  times  a  day. 
Feed  green  grass,  carrots,  kale,  apples,  or  potatoes  if 
possible,  also  feed  hot  bran  mashes.  In  all  cases  of 
Grease  Heel  give  the  following  physic:  Aloin,  two 
drams ;  Pulv.  Ginger,  two  drams.  Place  in  a  capsule  and 
give  with  capsule  gun.  A  physic  has  a  very  good  effect 
on  the  blood,  which  assists  materially  in  healing  the 
cracks  and  nodules  that  appear  in  Grease  Heel. 


GLANDERS    OR   FARCY 

Cause:  Due  to  a  specific  germ  called  the  Bacillus 
Malleii,  or  Bacillus  of  Glanders.  Glanders,  or  Farcy,  is 
very  contagious,  and  is  transmissible  to  man  as  well  as 
animals.  Cattle  and  sheep  alone  are  immune.  The  dis- 
ease may  be  contracted  at  watering  troughs,  stables, 
horseshoeing  shops,  in  boats,  trains  and  by  harness,  bits, 
curry  combs,  bedding,  pails,  etc.,  as  well  as  by  direct  con- 
tact with  a  diseased  animal. 

Symptoms:  Animal  does  not  thrive  although  the  ap- 
petite is  good  at  times;  loss  of  flesh,  and  is  subject  to 
sweats,  the  hair  looks  rough,  the  temperature  increasing 
slightly,  perhaps  two  degrees,  a  cough  is  generally 
present.  Legs  and  abdomen  are  swollen;  discharge 
from  the  nose,  sometimes  tinged  with  blood  and  very 


44 


TiiK  \'h:thki\akl\n 


stu'ky,  the  mcmhraiu's  of  tli<>  iios<'  look  (lii>ty.  aii.l  iilocis 
or  spots  arc  visible  if  closely  examined.  Tlio  <.Ian<ls 
under  the  baek  of  llie  ears  and  between  tli.-  Jaws  are 
hard,  lumpy  and  swollen. 

In  addition  to  the  above  symptoms.  Farcy  affects  the 
skin  by  producinjr  swellings,  or  nodules,  varyinj;  from 


Belgian   Stallion-   Belvedere,   First   Prize  Wixxer. 
Ownol  l>y  Crawfonl  &  (JrifTin,  Newton.   Iowa. 

the  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  hickory  nut  (called  Farcy 
buds,  or  Farcy  buttons),  which  are  found  inside  of  the 
hind  legs  under  the  abdomen,  on  the  side  of  the  chest, 
shoulder  and  neck,  also  around  the  nose,  lips  and  face! 
Generally  there  is  a  discharge  of  greenish-yellow  pus, 
which  is  verv  stickv. 


L 


DlSBiASHS    OF   THE    HORSE 


45 


(Jlan<J^'I•^5,  or  Farcy,  may  Im'  mistakou  for  nasal  catarrh, 
nasal  glovt,  ulcerated  teeth,  netth;  rash,  lymphangitis, 
distemper,  etc.  Fortunately,  this  dreaded  disease  is  not 
very  prevalent  in  this  country,  as  every  precaution  has 
been  taken  to  stamp  it  out. 

No  Tkeatmext  :  If  at  aiiv  tune  vou  have  reason  to 
think  one  of  your  animals  has  the  disease,  or  even  a 
neighbor's,  or  a  transient  horse,  exhibits  the  symptoms, 
it  is  your  duty  to  report  the  fact  to  the  State  Veterina- 
rian at  once.  You  will  do  this  if  you  have  your  own 
welfare  and  that  of  your  neighborhood  at  heart. 


HEAVES 

(Emphysema  of  the  Lungs) 

Cause  :  I'  st  or  heavy  work.  It  may  follow  Lung 
Fever  or  Pleurisy,  or  the  animal  may  inherit  weakness 
in  the  walls  of  the  air-cells  of  the  lungs.  A  very  com- 
mon cause  is  feeding  dusty  or  dirty  hay,  or  bulky  food. 
Horses  that  are  accustomed  to  eating  ravenou&ly  are 
often  victims  of  Heaves. 

Symptoms:  Disease  may  develop  slowly  or  rapidly. 
When  *he  animal  is  at  rest,  the  air  is  taken  into  the  lungs 
in  a  more  or  less  normal  manner,  but  is  expelled  by  two 
distinct  efforts,  the  abdominal  muscles  aiding  the  lungs 
in  expiration,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  heaving  of  the 
flank;  the  movement  of  the  ribs  in  breathing  is  scarcely 
noticeable  in  a  heavy  horse.  A  healthy  animal,  when  at 
rest,  will  throw  the  air  from  the  lungs  in  a  single  effort. 
The  difficulty  in  breathing  is  constant  and  increases  in 
proportion  to  the  amount  of  food  in  the  stomach  and 
intestines.  At  the  beginning  of  the  attack  there  is  a 
spasmodic  cough,  which  is  more  or  less  intermittent; 
this  develops  later  into  a  short,  weak,  suppressed  cough, 
as  if  the  animal  lacked  strength  in  his  chest  to  expel  a 
full  breath,  often  accompanied  by  expulsion  of  w^ind 
from  the  anus,  which  is  somewhat  protruded. 

Tkeatment  :    Feed  good,  nourishing  food,  but  nothing 


46 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


that  is  of  a  bulky  nature.  Feed  more  grain  and  less 
hay,  which  should  he  dampened  with  water  if  dusty.  Do 
not  feed  dusty,  nmsty  or  bulky  food,  but  give  plenty  of 
potatoes,  apples,  kale  and  green  grass.  Have  your  drug- 
gist make  you  up  one  quart  of  Fowler's  Solution  of 
Arsenic,  omitting  the  Tincture  of  Lavender.  This  is 
soothing  to  the  organs  of  breathing,  and  should  be  given 
two  tal  poonfuls  three  times  a  day  on  the  feed.  After 
a  week  ..  ten  days  you  might  increase  the  dose  slightly. 
Although  this  will  make  the  horse  work  much  better,  do 
not  give  it  with  the  hope  of  effecting  a  complete  cure, 
as  very  few  cases  recover  fully  from  this  disease. 


HORSE  DENTISTRY 

This  is  a  very  important  branch  of  Veterinary  Science, 
although,  if  I  were  to  go  into  detail  on  the  subject,  it 
would  require  the  writing  of  an  individual  volume.  This 
science  requires  considerable  practice.  The  price  of  spe- 
cial costly  instruments  would  prohibit  the  average  stock- 
man from  doing  his  own  dentistry. 

My  advice  is  to  secure  nothing  but  the  ser\-ices  of  a 
qualified  Veterinarian,  who  has  had  privileges  of  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  Veterinary  Science. 

The  art  of  animal  dentistry  has  been  abused  by  the 
owTiers  of  stock  allowing  the  services  of  irresponsible 
men  in  the  veterinary  profession,  who  do  not  look  to  the 
betterment  of  the  animal's  condition.  The  owner  of  the 
animal,  not  being  able  to  see  the  condition  of  the  animal's 
teeth  for  himself,  is  persuaded  into  having  the  animal's 
teeth  worked  on  regardless  of  whether  it  is  needed  or 
not.  The  quack  or  transient  Veterinarian  will  pull  and 
crack  healthy,  sound  teeth,  and  also  lacerate  the  poor 
animal's  mouth.  Be  sure  the  Veterinarian  employed  for 
this  purpose  is  competent. 


Lik. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


47 


INFLUENZA 
(Pink  Eye — Epizootic  Catarrh) 

Cause:  Influenza  is  a  specific  and  infectious  fever, 
whicli  shows  a  marked  tendency  to  rapidly  spread  over  a 
large  area  of  country.  It  generally  appears  suddenly, 
without  preliminary  s}^uptoms,  and  may  become  fully 
developed  in  twenty-four  hours. 

Symptoms:  The  usual  symptoms  are  those  of  Ca- 
tarrh, although  the  bowels,  lungs  and  brain  complica- 
tions may  be  present,  either  singly  or  combined.  It 
always  gives  rise  to  great  weakness.  The  distinguish- 
ing characteristics  of  Influenza  from  Distemper,  Soro 
Throat,  and  other  diseases  affecting  the  organs  of 
breathing,  are  the  suddenness  of  the  attack,  rise  of  tem- 
perature, varying  from  103°  F.  to  106°  F.,  pulse  feeble 
and  fast,  and  a  pinkish,  swollen  appearance  of  the  in- 
side of  the  eyelids.  The  animal  is  dull,  in  some  cases 
almost  unconscious.  Sometimes  the  leg?  are  very  stiff 
and  swollen,  and  there  is  great  difficulty  in  moving  about. 

Tbeatmext  :  Place  the  affected  animal  in  a  clean,  well 
ventilated  stall,  avoid  drafts,  give  pure  water  to  drink 
with  chill  taken  off,  in  small  quantities  but  often. 
Blanket  if  the  weather  is  chilly,  hand  rub  the  legs  and 
bandage,  give  Quinine,  two  drams,  in  a  gelatin  capsule 
with  capsule  gun  every  four  hours.  In  addition  to  the 
above,  administer  the  treatment  recommended  for  Acute 
and  Chronic  Coughs. 

Feed  good,  nutritious  food  that  has  a  laxative  effect 
on  the  bowels,  as  it  is  dangerous  to  give  horses  physio 
with  this  disease.  Hot  bran  mashes,  steamed  rolled  oats 
and  vegetables  are  very  beneficial. 


LAMPAS 

Cause  :  In  young  horses  it  is  commonly  caused  by  cut- 
ting teeth.  In  older  animals  it  is  usually  due  to  indi- 
gestion. 

Symptoms:  A  puffy  swelling  and  redness  of  the 
gums.    The  animal  may  have  difficulty  in  eating. 


48 


THE   VETERINAKIAN 


Treatment:  In  younj  animals,  when  cutting  teeth, 
let  nature  take  its  course,  but  when  an  animal  is  five 
years  or  over,  place  two  drams  of  Aloin,  and  two  drams 
of  Pulv.  Ginger,  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  administer  with 
capsule  gim.  Then  tone  up  the  digestive  organs  by  mix- 
ing one  ounce  of  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  one  ounoe  of  Pulv. 
Nux  Vomica,  four  ounces  of  Bicarbonate  of  Soda.  Make 
into  eight  powders  and  give  one  powder  in  feed  twice 
daily,  or  place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  administer  with 
capsule  gun. 


LEECHES 

(Htemoph) 

The  leeches  which  ouck  the  blood  of  the  horse  may  be 
divided  into  two  classes,  the  external  parasites  which 
attach  themselves  to  the  skin  of  the  legs  and  adjacent 
parts  of  the  horse,  and  the  Ilaemopis  Sanguisuga,  and 
others  of  this  class,  which,  not  being  able  to  penetrate 
the  skin,  endeavor  to  enter  the  mouth  or  nostrils  of  the 
horse  when  he  is  drinking  or  grazing  in  wet  and 
leech-infected  pastures.  They  sometimes  cling  to  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  eyes.  The  horse  leech,  which 
lives  in  the  water,  usually  gains  access  to  the  mouth  and 
nostrils  of  the  animal,  wlien  young  and  not  more  than 
one-tenth  of  an  inch  long.  Tliey  rarely  go  beyond  the 
air  and  food  passages,  generally  fastening  themselves 
to  the  walls  of  the  windpipe  and  gullet,  where  they  cling 
till  the  animal  dies  from  loss  of  blood  or  suffocation. 
They  often  cause  bleeding  from  the  mouth  and  nostrils, 
and  may  be  seen  by  '^lose  examination. 

Treatment:  Endfav.)!'  to  build  up  th  condition  of 
the  animal  with  suitalile  food.  Also  feed  liberal  quan- 
tities of  stock  salt.  Whore  the  leeches  cling  tiffhtly  to 
the  mucous  membranes  of  the  mouth  and  nostrils,  it  is 
well  to  cause  the  horse  to  inhale  the  vapor  from  hoc 
water  containing  turpentine. 


i  jk. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 
LOCKJAW 


49 


(Tetanus) 

Cause  :  The  bacilli  of  Tetanus  are  widely  distributed 
and  can  Le  .  und  in  practically  every  part  of  the  globe. 
Their  favorite  place  of  production,  liowever,  is  in  barn 
yards  and  marshy  ground.  They  are  frequently  swal- 
lowed by  stock  along  with  forage,  and  can  often  be  found 
in  recently  expelled  feces.  TIhj  most  favorable  temper- 
ature for  their  development  is  about  70°  F,  They  act 
by  means  of  extremely  virulent  poisons  which  they  pro- 
duce, and  which  causes  the  terrible  symptoms  that  are 
characteristic  of  the  disease. 

Symptoms:  The  muscles  o<  -">•"  ssion  are  usually 
the  first  brought  under  the  continual  spasm  of  tetanus, 
and  when  thus  affected  give  the  face  of  the  animal  a 
pinched  and  drawn-in  appearance.  The  other  muscles 
of  the  head  and  those  of  the  neck  are  next  attacked.  The 
mouth  is  closed,  the  nose  poked  out,  the  head  elevated. 
The  muscles  of  breathing,  and  those  of  the  limbs,  be- 
come contracted  so  that  the  neck  is  hollowed,  and  the 
tail  is  raised,  the  horse  stands  with  outstretched  limbs. 
The  animal  shows  great  stiffness  or  rigidity  in  attempted 
movements.  The  eyes  are  sunken,  and  when  startled 
or  excited,  the  breathing  is  quickened  and  the  flanks 
have  a  wrinkled  or  corrugated  appearance.  Death  may 
quickly  occur  from  continuous  spasms  of  the  muscles  of 
the  throat.  Another  sign  is  the  flying  up  of  the  accessory 
eyelid  when  the  animal  is  excited. 

Treatment  :  If  noticed  in  its  first  stages,  and  if  the 
animal  is  able  to  eat,  secure  the  services  of  an  accom- 
plished Veterinarian  and  insist  on  the  use  of  fresh  vac- 
cine. This  disease  is  almost  impossible  to  cure,  and 
about  ninety  per  cent  die. 


50 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


LUNG  FEVER 
(Pneumonia) 
Cause  :  Predisposition  is  largely  accountable  for  this 
disease,  which  is  more  common  to  young  horses  than 
old ;  also,  changes  of  temperature,  introduction'  of  for- 
eign bodies  or  liquids  into  the  trachea  (windpipe)  and 
the  bronchial  tubes,  inhalation  of  smoke  or  irritating 
gases,  excitement,  exposure  to  cold  after  clipping,  turn- 
ing out  to  pasture  from  a  warm  stable,  or  injury  to  chest 
or  ribs  from  being  struck  with  a  pole,  etc. 

Symptoms  :    Dullness  in  spirit ;  animal  usually  shivers 
or  trembles ;  when  this  ceases  the  temperature  rises  to 
perhaps  103°  to  106°   F.,  pulse  increases  to  sixty  or 
ninety  per  minute,  full  and  bounding;  breathing  short 
and  labored  and  abnormally  quick,  increasing  to  per- 
haps fifty  inspirations  per  minute,  whereas  in  health  it 
does  not  exceed  twelve  or  thirteen  per  minute.    A  cough 
is  also  likely  to  be  present,  and  the  animals  remain  stand- 
ing until  they  are  on  the  road  to  recovery,  or  until  death 
takes  place.    Other  symptoms  are  constipation,  feces 
covered  with  mucus  or  slime;  urination  frequent,  scanty 
and  dark  in  color;  appetite  poor,  but  thirst  great;  the 
eyes  look  glassy  and  the  membranes  have  an  inflamed 
appearance.    It  is  a  good  sign  if  the  animal  looks  about 
freely.    When  the  critical  stage  is  past  the  temperature 
and  pulse  gradually  fall,  the  appetite  returns  and  the 
urine  becomes  more  abundant,  and  takes  on  its  natural 
color,  the  cough  loosens,  and  the  discharge  from  the 
lungs  is   profuse,   and  of  a  yellowish  color,  and  the 
breathing  becomes  normal. 

Treatment:  Good  care  is  of  the  utmost  importance. 
Place  the  horse  in  a  comfortable,  well  ventilated  stall, 
being  careful  to  exclude  drafts.  Hand  rub  and  bandage 
the  logs  with  woolen  cloth.  Blanket  the  animal,  give 
plenty  of  bedding  and  keep  pure  water  before  him  at 
all  times.  Internally  administer  Quinine,  two  ounces; 
Iodide  of  Ammonia,  two  ounces ;  Ammonia  Bicarbonate^ 


s 


DISEASES   OF  THE   HOESE 


51 


two  ounces.  Mix  well  and  make  into  sixteen  powders. 
Place  powder  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule 
gun  every  four  hours.  It  is  quite  necessary  that  the 
above  remedy  should  be  placed  in  capsule,  as  drugs  of 
this  nature  tend  to  irritate  the  throat.  Do  not  give 
physics,  as  it  is  much  safer  to  give  laxative  food,  as  hot 
bran  mashes,  steam  rolled  oats  or  some  vegetables,  in 
fact  anything  the  animal  will  eat,  i.  e.,  that  has  food 
values.  It  is  advisable  to  apply  over  the  chest  the  fol- 
lowing liniment;  Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  four  ounces; 
Turpentine,  four  ounces ;  Raw  Linseed  Oil,  four  ounces. 
Mix  and  shake  well  before  applying  each  time  over  the 
chest  cavity. 

In  case  the  animal  is  constipated,  give  rectal  injec- 
tions of  soap  and  warm  water  containing  a  few  drops  of 

Turpentine.  

MANGE 
(Scabies) 

Cause:  Mange  is  a  contagious  disease,  produced  by 
the  presence  of  a  small  parasite  that  varies  in  length 
from  a  fiftieth  to  a  hundredth  of  an  inch,  according  to 
the  species,  of  which  there  are  three :  Sarcoptes,  which 
generally  affects  the  withers ;  Symbiotes  Communis,  af- 
fecting the  legs,  and  the  Psoroptes  Communis,  which 
affects  horses  about  the  root  of  the  tail  and  mane.  The 
latter  is  the  one  most  commonly  found  affecting  horses. 
They  multiply  rapidly  and  are  spread  from  diseased  to 
healthy  horses  by  their  bodies  coming  in  contact  with 
one  another,  or  by  corrals,  stables,  railroad  cars,  etc., 
recently  occupied  by  mangy  horses. 

Symptoms  :  The  mange  mite  attacks  the  skin  and  pro- 
duces a  thickness  of  its  outer  surface,  covering  it  with 
crusts  and  scabs,  with  a  consequent  loss  of  hair.  In- 
tense itching  accompanies  the  disease,  and  affected 
horses  continually  bite  and  rub  themselves. 

Psoroptic  Mange  commences  at  the  root  of  the  tail, 
or  at  the  roots  of  the  mane  on  the  neck  or  withers,  and 


52 


THE   VETERINAEIAN 


gradually  spreads  over  the  back,  up  to  the  head,  over 
the  sides,  and  finally  affects  the  entire  body.  In  cases  of 
long  standing  the  skin  becomes  ulcerated,  the  animal 
becomes  greatly  weakened,  emaciated  and  finally  dies. 
Treatment:  When  a  large  number  of  horses  are 
affected  (in  one  locality)  it  is  best  to  prepare  a  vat  and 
dip  them,  under  the  supervision  of  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry.  When  just  a  few  horses 
become  affectrd,  the  following  has  proven  very  effective : 
Sulphur,  eigat  ounces ;  Oil  of  Tar,  eight  ounces ;  Sweet 
Oil,  two  quarts.  Mix  and  apply  liberally  to  the  parts 
affected.  A  few  applications  are  generally  sufficient  to 
eradicate  the  disease. 


MONDAY  MORNING  DISEASE 

(Lymphangitis) 
Cause:  This  ailment  is  common  with  hard  working 
horses,  and  is  caused  by  confining  them  in  the  stable  and 
allowing  their  usual  amount  of  food.  More  nutriment  is 
consumed  than  can  be  taken  up  by  the  system,  which 
causes  an  irritation.  It  is  frequently  found  in  certain 
stables  on  Monday  morning,  hence  its  name— Monday 
Morning  Disease. 

Symptoms  :  Swelling  and  lameness,  most  usually  af- 
fecting the  hind  leg  inside  of  the  thigh  and  extending 
down  the  leg  in  a  Lard  ridge.  It  will  pit  on  pressure, 
and  cause  intense  pain ;  the  horse  v:ill  have  difficulty  in 
extending  the  limb  forward,  the  swelling  may  surround 
the  log  entirely.  Pulse  will  be  fifty  to  sixty  per  minute, 
temperature  102°  to  104°  F.,  breathing  ^vill  be  faster 
than  normal.  The  animal  has  great  thirst,  but  the  appe- 
tite is  verj'  poor;  usually  remains  standing;  if  he  lies 
down  will  have  great  difficulty  in  getting  up. 

Treatment:  In  this  particular  disease  apply  hot 
fomentations  to  the  affected  limb  or  limbs,  for  one  hour, 
then  rub  dry  and  apply  Camphorated  Linim'-jt.    Give 


JlL 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


53 


Nitrate  Potassi,  Chlorate  of  Potassi,  Iodide  Potassi, 
each  four  ounces.  Mix  and  make  into  thirty-two  pow- 
ders. Give  one  powder  three  times  a  day  in  drinking 
water  or  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule 

gun. 

In  most  cases  it  is  advisable  to  give  a  physic:  Alom, 
two  drams;  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  one  dr-^m;  Ginger,  one 
dram.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule 
gun. 


MUD  FEVER 

Cause  :  Horses  driven  over  muddy  roads  during  the 
day  and  exposed  to  freezing  weather  at  night,  or  driving 
them  over  muddy  roads,  then  washing  the  limbs  and  not 
drying  them  properly,  often  produces  a  superficial  in- 
flammation of  the  legs. 

Symptoms:  The  legs  are  swollen,  extremely  hot  and 
tender,  the  horse  is  stiff,  the  hair  comes  off  the  legs  easily 
and  if  the  cause  is  not  removed  severe  complication  may 
follow,  as  the  secretions  of  the  skin  become  greatly  af- 
fected. 

Tbeatment:  Prevention.  Horses  that  are  driven 
over  muddy,  wet  roads  should  have  their  legs  rubbed  dry 
when  stabling  them  for  any  length  of  time.  When  the 
legs  are  badly  swollen  wash  them  with  clean  warm  water 
and  castile  soap  and  dry  them  well  with  a  clean  soft  cloth. 
Then  apply  Zinc  Oxide  Ointment  or  a  lotion  made  from 
Acetate  of  Lead,  one  ounce;  Zinc  Sulphate,  one-half 
ounce.  Place  in  a  quart  of  clean  water  and  apply  twice 
daily.  Either  application  is  very  beneficial  in  the  treat- 
ment of  Mud  Fever.  Feed  the  animal  wheat  bran  mashes, 
steamed  rolled  oats,  vegetables,  etc.,  as  they  have  a  very 
good  effect  on  the  system  which  aids  in  relieving  the  in- 
flammation of  the  skin. 


54 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


; 


NASAL  GLEET 
(Chronic  Catarrh) 
Cause:  Exposure  to  cold  followed  by  neglect,  and 
lack  of  nourishing  food ;  bruise  or  fracture  of  the  frontal 
bones  of  the  head;  injury  of  the  blood-vessels  inside  the 
bones,  or  an  ulcerated  tooth.  May  also  be  caused  by 
tumor,  or  foreign  substance  or  liquids  in  the  nasal  cavi- 
ties. Sometimes  dried  pus  in  the  nostrils,  resulting  from 
a  cold,  will  cause  nasal  gleet. 

Symptoms  :    A  white  or  yellowish  discharge  from  one 
or  both  of  the  nostrils,  the  quantity  varying  with  the 
severity  of  the  attack  i  nd  the  length  of  time  the  disease 
has.  been  established.    If,  when  tapping  over  the  nose 
below  the  eye,  a  dull  sound  is  produced,  it  is  safe  to  con- 
clude that  the  cavities  are  filled  with  pus ;  to  make  certain, 
compare  the  sick  animal  with  a  healthy  one;  in  some 
cases  you  will  notice  that  even  the  bones  of  the  nose  below 
the  eye  are  slightly  elevated.    The  lining  of  the  nose  may 
be  of  a  red  or  yellow  co:3r  but  not  ulcerated  in  spots,  as 
in  Glanders.    The  animal  may  continue  in  pretty  good 
spirits  and  work  well  for  a  time  but  as  the  case  develops 
he  becomes  lean  in  flesh  and  what  is  termed  hide-bound. 
Always  examine  the  teeth.    In  a  case  of  long  standing, 
the  discharge  has  a  fetid  smell,  differing  in  this  respect 
also  from  Glanders. 

Treatment  :  If  not  due  to  fractured  bones  of  the  head 
or  ulcerated  teeth,  the  animal  will,  in  most  cases,  recover 
with  proper  medical  treatment.  When  due  to  injury  to 
the  bones  of  the  head,  tumors,  ulcerated  teeth  or  dried 
pus  in  the  nasal  cavities,  it  is  best  to  secure  the  services 
of  a  skillful  Veterinarian,  one  whose  professional  knowl- 
edge renders  him  thoroughly  competent.  In  the  mild  * 
forms  of  nasal-gleet  or  chronic  catarrh,  administer  the 
following:  Ferri  Sulphate,  Potassi  Iodide,  Nux  Vomica, 
each  four  ounces.  Mix  well  and  make  into  thirty-two 
capsules.  Give  one  capsule  three  times  daily  and  feed 
food  that  is  nourishing  and  easily  digested. 


iJJ 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


55 


NAVEL  STRING  INFECTION 

(Umbilical  Pyemia) 
Cause  and  Nature:  While  the  unborn  foal  (foetus) 
is  in  the  womb  of  its  mother,  it  is  surrounded  by  r uvelop- 
ing  membranes  which  constitute  the  after-birth  on  deliv- 
ery. These  membranes  are  attached  to  the  wall  of  the 
womb  and  are  connected  to  the  foetus  by  moans  of  the 
navel-string  (umbilical  cord)  which  is  provided  with  two 
arteries  and  a  vein  for  the  nourishment  of  the  young 
creature  and  for  the  removal  of  its  waste  products. 

It  also  has  a  narrow  canal  (the  urachus)  which  serves 
to  remove  the  urine  of  the  foetus ;  in  fact  the  subsequent- 
ly formed  bladder  takes  its  origin  from  a  dilation  of  the 
urachus.    Under  normal  conditions  when  the  foal  is  born, 
respiration  takes  place,  the  umbilical  arteries  and  veins 
become  quickly  blocked  up,  urine  is  discharged  through 
the  urethra  (which  communicates  with  the  penis  or  va- 
gina, as  the  case  may  be),  the  foal  enjoys  a  separate 
existenqe  and  the  wound  caused  by  the  division  of  the 
umbilical  cord  leaves  a  scar  which  is  known  as  the  navel. 
It  is  usually  supposed  that  the  germ  of  navel-string 
infection  gains  admittance  into  the  body  through  the  ex- 
posed surface  before  the  wound  is  closed.    However,  I 
am  of  the  opinion  that  the  mother  is  the  bearer  of  the 
infection  in  a  great  manv  cases  for  in  the  uterine  secre- 
tions of  mares  whose  foals  fell  with  navel-string  infec- 
tion, the  same  characteristic  germs  were  found  as  were 
present  in  the  joints  of  the  affected  foals.    The  infec- 
tious material  is,  by  the  act  of  covering,  conveyed  from 
mare  to  mare,  so  that  the  mucous  membranes  of  the 
womb  becomes  the  habitat  of  the  specific  germ.    By  in- 
oculation of  these  germs  into  the  blood  stream  of  foals  an 
illness  is  produced  which  in  the  smallest  particular  can- 
not be  distinguished  from  that  arising  in  naturally  af- 
fected foals.    It  is  a  strange  fact  that  when  the  infected 
germs  are  transmitted  by  the  mother,  their  presence  does 
not  produce  any  disturbance  in  her. 


.")♦) 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


DISEASES  OF  THE   HORSE 


57 


This  is  a  very  common  malady  in  most  places.  I  have 
known  several  instances  on  particular  farms  where  they 
were  unable  to  raise  either  foals  or  calves,  but  if  the 
mother  were  removed  to  another  fann  immediately  after 
or  before  foaling,  the  foal  or  calf  lived  and  was  reared 
without  difficulty,  and  although  constitutional  debility 
plays  an  important  part,  the  presence  of  specific  germs 
constituting  an  infected  area  is,  I  believe,  the  most  im- 
portant factor  in  v.oducing  this  disease. 

According  to  my  observation,  about  seventy-five  per 
cent  of  the  cases  die  within  the  first  three  weeks  after 
birth.  This  high  rate  of  mortality  would  be  considerably 
diminished  if  proper  treatment  was  adopted. 

Symptoms  :  The  attack  usually  comes  on  during  the 
second  or  third  week  after  birth  and  almost  always  be- 
fore the  closure  of  the  navel  opening,  which,  in  affected 
animals,  will  be  found  to  be  in  a  wet  and  suppurating 
condition.  Occasionally  foals  two  or  three  months  old 
which  have  the  urachus  closed  and  are  in  an  apparently 
healthy  condition  contract  this  disease  in  a  form  of  pain- 
ful swelling  of  the  joints.  The  first  symptoms  are  gen- 
erally dullness;  more  or  less  fever;  lameness  which  is 
often  attributed  to  rheumatism  or  to  injury  caused'  by 
the  mare  treading  on  the  foal;  the  disinclination  to  move 
or  even  to  stand.  Upon  examination  the  patient  will  be 
found  to  have  a  soft,  gelatinous  swelling  of  one  or  more  of 
the  joints  of  which  the  hock,  elbow,  fetlock,  stifle  and  hip 
usually  manifest  the  enlargement  most  clearly. 

These  swellings  are  hot  and  painful  to  the  touch ;  they 
tend  to  suppurate  and  frequently  cause  intense  lameness. 
In  very  rare  cases  open  urachus  may  exist  without  >  ' 
joint  inflammation.  In  this  disease,  inflammation  of  .0 
joints  and  open  urachus  arc  almost  always  co-existent. 

Animals  that  recover  from  a  bad  attack  are  seldom 
worth  the  trouble  of  rearing,  because  as  a  rule  their  con- 
stitution becomes  permanently  impaired  and  one  or  more 
<  f  their  joints  becomes  stiffened  by  the  attack. 


58 


THE  VETERINARIAN 


i^ 


t-f 


I 


Treatment  :    In  the  treatment  of  this  disease,  we  have 
to  attend  to  constitutional  disturbances,  inflamed  joints, 
open  urachus  and  cpmplications  such  as  constipation  and 
diarrhoea.    The  comfort  of  our  little  patient  must  be 
studied  under  all  circumstances.    If  the  weather  be  at  all 
cold  it  should  be  covered  by  a  warm  sheet.    Should  the 
foal  have  any  difficulty  in  rising  from  the  recumbent 
position,  an  attendant  should  assist  it  to  rise  and  see  that 
it  is  regularly  fed.    It  is  only  in  extreme  cases  that  the 
animal  refuses  to  suck  its  dam.    During  warm  weather, 
and  especially  if  the  ground  is  dry,  such  a  patient  is  al- 
ways better  off  for  a  little  sunshine,  but  on  no  account 
must  it  be  left  out  during  extreme  heat,  as  in  this  state 
it  is  very  liable  to  sunstroke.     The  best  food  for  the 
mare  is  grass,  which,  during  the  day,  she  can  generally 
have.    The  inflamed  joints  of  the  foal  should  be  rubbed 
lightly  with  the  following,  after  being  thoroughly  mixed : 
Red  Iodide  of  Mercury,  two  drams ;  Vaseline,  two  ounces, 
every  forty-eight  hours,  which,  when  applied  to  the  skin, 
appears  to  have  a  well-marked  antiseptic  action  on  the 
underlying  tissues.    An  inflamed  joint  should  on  no  ac- 
count be  bathed  with  warm  water,  fomented  or  poulticed 
because  the  application  of  moist  heat  would  be  the  best 
possible  means  for  promoting  the  development  of  the  in- 
fective germs  which  are  the  cause  of  the  local  and  gen- 
eral disturbance.    The  open  navel-string  should  not  bo 
ligatured  because  that  operation  is  generally  followed  by 
an  increased  inflammation  of  the  part,  and  by  an  aggrava- 
tion of  the  other  symptoms  apparently  on  account  of  this 
outlet  for  deleterious  products  becoming  blocked  up.    If 
the  navel-string  has  been  ligatured  and  is  in  an  inflamed 
state,  the  ligature  should  be  removed  without  delay.    If 
the  foal  is  constipated  give  two  to  three  ounces  of  Castor 
Oil;  also,  administer  the  following:    Zinc  Sulphocarbo- 
lates,  one-half  dram;  Hyposulphite  of  Soda,  four  ounces. 
Mix  and  make  into  thirty-two  powders.    Give  one  powder 
well  back  on  the  tongue  every  four  hours. 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE 


SO 


As  a  supplement  to  the  food,  we  may  give  brown  sugar 
or  treacle,  both  of  which  are  easily  digested  and  are  very 
nourishing.  Four  or  five  eggs  daily  will  also  aid  in  keep- 
ing up  the  strength.  

NAVEL  RUPTURE 
(Umbilical  Hernia) 

Gaxtse:  Hereditary  predisposition  is  well  marked  in 
this  complaint.  It  may  exist  at  birth,  but  so-called  con- 
genital rupture  may  very  probably  be  the  result  of  the 
pulling  which  the  navel-string  underwent  at  the  time  of 
foaling.  However,  umbilical  hernia  usually  occurs  during 
the  first  two  or  three  months  after  birth ;  that  is  to  say, 
while  the  opening  at  the  navel  is  becoming  obliterated  and 
the  tissues  at  that  place  are  becoming  consolidated.  They 
can,  however,  appear  later  and  may  result  from  more  or 
less  violent  strains  sustained  when  the  foals  are  jumping 
or  playing.  At  other  times  these  strains  are  induced  by 
intestinal  irritation  accompanied  by  diarrhoea  or  consti- 
pation with  straining.  But,  however  the  strain  may 
take  place,  the  abdominal  muscles  contract  and  push  the 
intestines  towards  the  wall  of  the  belly.  Then  if  they 
find  an  opening  or  even  a  weak  spot,  like  the  ring  of  the 
navel  while  it  is  undergoing  the  process  of  becoming 
blocked  up,  they  select  it  and  a  rupture  is  produced. 

Symptoms:  This  rupture,  the  situation  of  which 
clearly  shows  its  character,  may  vary  in  size  from  that 
of  a  hen's  egg  to  that  of  an  ostrich's  egg.  If  pressed 
upon  with  the  hand,  especially  if  the  animal  is  placed  on 
its  back,  the  rupture  will  disappear,  to  return,  however, 
when  the  pressure  is  removed.  If  it  be  composed  of  in- 
testines it  will  be  soft  and  elastic  when  the  bowels  are 
empty,  but  when  they  are  full  of  semi-solid  food  they 
will  be  doughy.  In  any  event,  the  tumor  will  feel  elastic 
when  composed  of  intestines,  but  when  formed  of  its  con- 
necting membranes,  will  naturally  not  vary  in  consist- 
ence. If  intestines  be  present,  movements  and  ab- 
dominal rumblings  may  be  detected  in  it.    This  rupture 


(K) 


THE  VETERINARIAN 


rarely  gives  rise  to  serious  consequences  because  its 
contents  are  composed  of  large  imesti  les  and  omentum, 
either  of  which  is,  in  this  position,  not  liable  to  become 
strangulated.  It  may,  however,  become  engorged  and 
inflamed  from  injury.  Its  existence  naturally  depreciates 
the  value  of  an  animal  suffering  from  it. 

Treatment:  In  the  majority  of  cases,  they  will  dis- 
appear with  their  own  accord  in  two  or  three  months.  In 
case  the  rupture  shows  no  signs  of  diminishing  in  size  it 
is  woll  to  apply  a  bandage  around  the  abdomen  or  secure 
the  services  of  a  competent  veterinarian  and  he  will  pre- 
scribe a  treatment  or  operate,  which  will  apply  directly 
to  your  colt's  or  horse's  particular  case. 


OPEN  JOINT 

Cause:  Injuries  such  as  a  kick  from  a  sharp  shoe, 
wire  cuts,  punctures  from  snags,  or  from  probing  a  wound 
near  a  joint.  Open  joint  is  one  of  the  most  serious  ac- 
cident;, that  may  happen  to  a  horse,  for  the  sufferer  is 
apt  to  die  from  the  ensuing  constitutional  disturl)ance, 
and  even  if  he  recovers  the  joint  will,  in  all  probability, 
be  perma   --ntly  stiff. 

Symptoa.s  :  If  the  joint  is  opened  or  severely  injured 
the  wound  will  have  an  ordinary  appearance  oxcept  that 
there  may  be  a  flow  of  joint  oil  from  the  injured  oil  sack. 
However,  the  discharge  gradually  becomes  m:,re  un- 
healthy until  finally  it  is  mixed  with  pus  and  blood  and 
assumes  a  fetid  odor.  After  two  or  three  days  the  joint 
swells  and  becomes  very  painful  and  a  high  fever  sets  in. 
In  unfavorable  cases  the  animal  dies  from  exhaustion 
very  shortly,  or  at  best  recovers  with  a  permanently  stiff 
joint. 

Treatmext:  Never  probe  a  wound  near  a  joint.  If 
the  injury  is  small  and  noticed  immediately,  apply  Red 
Iodide  of  Mercury,  two  drams;  Vaseline,  two  ounces. 
Mix  and  rub  in  well  over  the  Avound.  This  will  set  up 
sufficient  inflammation  to  close  the  opening  and  kill  any 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


61 


infection  that  may  be  present,  as  it  possesses  powerful 
antiseptic  properties.  If  the  wound  is  large,  wash  with 
Bichloride  of  Mercury,  one  part  to  one  thousand  parts 
distilled  water.  The  wound  should  be  washed  twice  a 
day  with  this  solution.  Then  dust  the  wound  with  Tannic 
Acid,  one  ounce ;  Iodoform,  one  ounce ;  Boracic  Acid,  one 
ounce ;  Calomel,  one  dram.  Mix  and  place  in  sifter  top 
can  and  apply  this  after  washing  each  time.  Then  band- 
age the  wound  by  first  placing  clean  absorbent  cotton  over 
the  wound.  Do  not  attempt  to  syringe  a  solution  into  an 
opening  or  some  of  the  solution  may  gain  entrance  into 
the  joint.    Keep  the  animal  as  quiet  as  possible  and  feed 

laxative  food.  

PALESADE  WORM 

(Strongulus  Armatus) 

This  parasite  thrives  on  marshy  ground  and  is  com- 
monly found  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  body 
of  the  worm  is  gray  in  color,  more  or  less  stiff  and 
straight  and  thicker  in  the  front  than  in  the  hind  part; 
it  varies  in  length,  the  male  measuring  from  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  to  one  inch  and  the  female  from  one  to  two 
inches.  It  may  occur  in  an  adult  or  an  immature  state. 
In  the  former  it  implants  itself  on  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  large  intestines  by  means  of  its  armed 
mouth,  while  in  the  latter  it  lives  in  cysts  underneath  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  intestines  and  is  sometimes 
found  in  the  brain,  testicles  and  liver.  The  immature 
worms  which  do  not  issue  directly  from  the  cysts  get  into 
the  arteries  and  are  carried  by  the  force  of  the  blood  to 
all  parts  of  the  body. 

Symptoms  :  Same  as  in  Red  Worm  with  the  exception 
of  colicky  pains  caused  by  the  worms  blocking  the  ar- 
teries which  carry  blood  to  the  intestines,  thus  interfering 
with  the  process  of  digestion.  Where  the  worms  enter 
the  arteries  of  the  limbs  it  results  in  lameness.  It  is  a 
good  plan  to  examine  your  animals  once  or  twice  a  year 
to  insure  them  against  this  pest. 

Teeatment  :    Same  as  for  Red  Worm. 


62 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


PL  SURISY 
Cause:     Hxposc-I  to  a  xuddon  change  of  temp»'raturo, 
continenient  in  ill      atilat^'d,  damp  stables,  wounds  pen- 
etrating the  chest,  frat  tured  ribs,  heart  diseases.    It  also 
occurs  in  conjunction  wit!i  Bronchitis,  Influenza,  etc. 

SvMPToMs:  Genenill  only  one  side  of  the  lungs  is 
affected  and  that  being  the  right,  although  it  may  afft^ct 
both  sides  at  the  same  time.  First  you  will  noti  e  the 
animal  distressed,  uneasy,  shivering,  the  affected  side  is 
painful  to  pressure  of  the  'land.  The  breathing  is  short 
and  quick,  and  the  flanks  heave — which  shows  that  the 
animal  tries  to  breathe  as  much  as  possible,  by  the  action 
of  the  muscles  of  the  abdomen  and  not  by  the  movemen' 
of  the  ribs.  The  nostril^  are  dilated.  There  i-  usnall 
a  short,  dry,  painful  cough  present,  which  is  ii  t'ssed 
by  the  animal  as  much  as  possiblf,  so  as  not  to  sli  see  the 
inflamed  parts.  Often  when  expelling  air  from  I  lung 
the  horse  gives  a  painful  grunt  especially  wher  lade  to 
move.  The  pulse  is  generally  hard  and  fas-er  than 
usual.  The  temperature  in  early  stages  may  ri^"  from 
104°  to  106°  F.  If  the  ear  is  applied  to  the  affecte.  <\dv  a 
dry  crackling  or  friction  sound  -an  be  heard;  a  -loove 
along  the  lower  portion  of  the  ibs  will  exten<i  bf  k  to 
the  flank.  Within  two  or  thre*  days  the  pulse  will  b.- 
softer  and  weaker,  temperature  will  full  to  101^  u  lOl 
F.  and  there  will  be  fluids  fon  aid  tiie  pai  tu  uort 
breathing  wii.  iisappear.  Tli*  l=quuis  mav  no  ui  f^^- 
absorption  if  properly  treated    and  the    ase  s 

favorably  in  a  week  or  ten  a«ys 

Frequently  large  quantities  o    fluid  a  •<-*iniulate 
chest  cavity  that  cannot  be  a 
conies  more  difficult,  short  and 
and  rapid  and  the  animal  dies 

Treatment  :     Place  the  aninm   in 
stall;  blanket  if  tin   weather  is  chili 
but  no  drafts,  as  this  i    very  import. 


)rbe<^  he 
ick,  pi  -se 
om  exiiiii 


Tcathinji 
♦uies  w^ 


•le,  roomy 

fresh  air, 

ply  a  paste 


DISEASES   OV   THE   HuRSE  68 

iiunU'  tJoin  Mustard  a^  <i  cold  water  over  tbe  chest  cavity, 
Jntcrna  'y,  adininistt'  Amiii'  luni  Iodide,  Chlorate  of 
Potash,  s'itrate  of  Pot«-li,  e  four  aiices.  Mai  '  ito 
thirt  -tw  i>ovvd<'rs  ai.  fz'ix  iie  [i  dor  every  1  or 
s  in  K  !itin  <'iH)suK  and  a  inister  with  cap- 
The  iit  is  a  -roper  means  'f  keeping  ui  the 
aniniai  u  1  Is  ^  ery  impi  tant.  Coax  the  animal  t«  cat 
urass  r  , eg' 'aoles,  hot  bran  mashes  or  steam  rolled 
oats.  If  thei»-  i^  a  couffh  present,  give  the  same  treat 
inent  as  recommended  for  Acute  and  Chronic  Cout mi- 


three  hoi 
'Ule  j.'un. 


lue-     a 

iCe  o.   liiese 

>w'  substance 

th    skin  below 

requently  come 


PIN     vVORM,    THREAD   OR  MaW      JC 
^Oxyuris  Citrvilis) 

This  vvoriii  w  le     full  grown  is  about  o 
iuarter  ii.cheo  in        i!;th;  its  tail  is  thi/i  a 
an  I  ho  il  thick  and  t»rminating  in  a  cur 
s«       ling  uie     rook  of  a  stick.     The  p! 
parr-ii'es  may  ho  detected  by  a   !"     it- 
(the      gs  o    the  Warms)  which  adlu 
the  Mil.  s.  r     Wor?iis  like  Round  Woi 
away      ''    tue  feces. 

Tbeai  .!!  NT:  Dissolve  four  tablespoonfuls  Common 
Salt  in  one  gallon  f  warm  water  an  inject  it  into  the 
rectum.  When  this  has  been  expel le<  How  with  an  in- 
jection per  rectum  of  Tnrpenimo,  f  winces,  to  one-half 
l?alIon  Linseed  Oil.  Elevate  the  hoi.se's  hind  quarters  so 
as  to  retain  the  injection  longer.  This  will  expol  the 
worms  and  their  eggs  that  cling  to  the  walls  of  tho  rec- 
tum. The  worms  sometimes  make  their  way  so  far  for- 
ward that  it  is  impossible  to  reach  them  with  an  injec- 
tion.   In  this  case  treat  same  as  for  Round  worms. 

Where  there  is  irritation  prod  ed  about  the  tail  the 
horse  continually  rubs  and  it  is  well  to  apply  Mercurial 
Ointment  to  both  tail  and  the  anus. 


64 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


POLL  EVIL 
Poll  Evil  is  so-called  because  it  occurs  in  the  region  of 
the  poll.  It  is  not  a  constitutional  disease,  but  comes, 
no  doubt,  from  well  marked  causes,  as  from  inflammation 
set  up  and  involving  the  bones  and  muscles  in  the  region 
of  the  poll,  and  perhaps  of  the  larger  ligament.  Owing 
to  the  low  vitality  of  the  parts  and  the  action  of  the  head 
in  taking  food,  etc.,  the  pus  is  apt  to  burrow  deep  into  the 
muscles. 

Cause:  Direct  or  indirect  injury.  A  common  cause 
is  striking  the  head  against  a  low  doorway  or  an  ill-fitting 
halter  or  bridle. 

Symptoms  :  Swelling  just  back  of  the  ears  on  one  or 
both  sides  of  the  head.  The  animal  stands  with  the  nose 
out;  slight  heat  in  the  parts,  pain  on  pressure.  In  the 
first  stages,  it  is  merely  inflammatory  action.  The  second 
stage  is  suppuration,  or  there  may  be  great  swelling  in 
some  cases  when  there  is  but  little  pus  formed. 

In  other  cases  there  is  profuse  suppuration  and  the 
pus  makes  its  way  out  and  discharges  to  the  surface  and 
sinuses  are  formed,  which  extend  in  various  directions. 
Any  abscess  in  this  region  is  called  Poll  Evil. 

Treatment  :  When  the  enlargement  is  first  noticed  in 
the  region  of  the  poll,  I  would  advise  the  following:  Red 
Iodide  of  Mercury,  four  drams ;  Lard,  four  ounces,  rub 
in  well  over  the  enlargement  and  perhaps  this  will  pre- 
vent sinuses  from  forming,  but  when  the  cases  are  long 
standing  and  so-called  pipes  are  formed,  I  would  advise 
that  you  secure  the  services  of  an  accomplished  Veteri- 
narian.   

PETECHIAL  FEVER 
(Purpura  Haemorrhagica) 
Cause:  Constitutional  weakness  following  some  de- 
bilitatiug  disease  such  as  Distemper,  Pink  Eye,  Catarrh 
and  even  following  operations,  when  an  animal  becomes 
weak  and  from  want  of  exercise,  in  which  case  it  generally 
appears  during  his  recovery.  It  is  not  infectious  and 
cannot  be  transmitted  by  inoculations. 


JU4. 


DISEASES   OF  THE  HORSE 


65 


Symptoms:    There  is  a  slight  swelling  of  the  limbs, 
more  Jikely  to  be  about  the  hocks.    The  swelling  may- 
disappear  by  exercising,  but  will  soon  return.    The  swell- 
ings present  a  very  abrupt  appearance,  nearly  the  same 
as  if  a  string  were  tied  around  the  limbs  and  swell  very 
quickly,  and  symptomatic  of  Purpura.    Exudations  take 
place  in  which,  if  on  white  limbs,  you  will  see  little  red 
spots,  from  which  a  liquid  is  oozing.    The  swelling  is 
very  painful  and  the  entire  limb  may  be  swollen.    Small 
vesicles  appear  on  thr  limbs  and  also  in  the  mucous  mem- 
branes, and  it  is  well  to  look  at  the  mucous  membranes 
before  giving  your  opinion,  as  you  will,  no  doubt,  detect 
these  spots,  which  may  extend  into  the  lungs.    These 
spots  increase  and  may  run  into  each  other.    The  mucous 
membranes  of  the  nose  may  become  a  mass  of  corrupt 
matter.    The  upper  lip  may  hang  pendulous,  which  is 
due  to  the  want  of  nervous  stimulus.    If  the  nostrils  are 
swollen  very  badly,  there  is  difficulty  in  breathing  and  if 
the  animal  is  not  able  to  take  food,  the  symptoms  are  con- 
sidered very  bad.    The  pulse  varies  much  in  some  cases ; 
although  the  swelling  is  very  great,  the  pulse  may  not  be 
more  than  forty  or  fifty  per  minute.    The  temperature  is 
elevated  one  to  three  degrees  above  normal,  there  may 
be  a  coughing  and  a  liownish  colored  discharge  from  the 
nostrils.    The  mouth  and  eyes  become  affected  and,  to- 
gether with  the  discharge  from  the  nose,  the  horse  is  a 
loathsome  looking  object.    In  milder  cases  the  appetite 
is  retained,  or  the  animal  may  take  food  one  day  and  the 
next  refuse  it.    The  bowels  are  constipated  as  a  general 
thing  in  the  first  stages  of  the  disease  and  the  urine  may 
be  of  a  dark  color,  may  even  contain  blood.    There  may 
be  a  peculiar  dropsical  swelling  of  these  petechial  spots 
or  it  may  show  itself  in  connection  with  the  eyes  and 
there  may  be  blood  extravasation  without  outer  sjnnp- 
toms.    This  disease  may  affect  the  bowels,  liver,  lungs, 
etc.    The  animal  usually  stands,  perhaps  from  the  diffi- 
culty in  moving  the  limbs.    It  is  necessary  to  watch  the 


66 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


case  closely  for  flies  will  attack  him  and  he  will  be  filled 
with  maggots.     Sloughing  may  take  place;  the  entire 
sheath  or  patches  upon  the  body  may  slough  off  and 
there  may  be  paralysis  of  the  penis. 
f»  Treatment:    Place  the  animal  in  a  clean,  light,  com- 
tortable  stall.    If  the  weather  is  cold,  blanket.    The  fol- 
lowing nudicine  is  recommended  because  of  its  particular 
offect  on  the  blood  in  this  disease:    Chlorate  of  Potash 
eight  ounces;  Iodide  of  Potash,  eight  ounces;  Quinine 
bulphate,  eight  ounces.    Make  into  thirty-two  capsules 
and  give  one  capsule  every  six  hours.    Also  administer 
one  ounce  capsules  filled  with  Spirits  of  Turpentine  three 
or  four  tunes  a  day.    Moisten  the  capsules  with  Sweet 
Oil  and  give  with  capsule  gun.    Feed  hot  bran  mashes 
containing  two  or  tliree  ounces  of  pure  Flaxseed  meal. 
Also,  feed  vegetables,  green  grass,  if  possible. 


QUITTOR 

(Fistula  of  ihe  Foot) 
Cause:  Injuries.  Horses  working  on  rough  stony 
roads  are  subject  to  punctures,  pricks,  bruises,  corns, 
treads,  etc.,  which  end  in  pus  formation  which  does  not 
get  a  pendant  opening  and  destroys  the  tissues  with  which 
It  comes  in  contact.  Finally  it  bursts,  forms  sinuses  and 
pipes,  as  commonly  called,  at  the  top  of  the  hoof. 

Symptoms:  Extreme  lameness,  heat,  pain  and  swell- 
ing will  show  themselves  about  the  top  of  the  hoof.  As 
a  ru  e  a  Quittor  develops  slowly  and  is  more  or  less  pain- 
ful during  the  first  stages.  After  tlie  sinus  is  formed  and 
the  pus  discharges,  the  inflammation  generally  subsides. 
Its  healing  process  is  often  delayed  due  to  tlie  diseased 
portion  of  the  cartilages  inside  the  hornv  hoof 

Treatment  :  Apply  Flaxseed  or  hot  Bran  poultices  to 
relieve  the  inflammation  and  hasten  the  formation  of 
smu.es  or  pipes.  Then  with  an  ordinary  syringe  inject 
the  followmg:  Silver  Nitrate,  ten  grains;  Water,  one 
ouiK-e.    Inject  fifteen  to  twenty  drops  twice  daily.    Keep 


'    lJJwm. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


67 


the  food  clean  and  the  animal  as  quiot  as  possible.  It  is 
very  disagreeable,  as  stated  before,  and  the  healing  is 
very  slow,  but  this  must  be  naturally  expected,  as  we  are 
unable  to  provide  the  sinuses  with  good  drainage. 


RED   WORM 

(Strongylus  Tetracanthus) 

The  Red  Worm  varies  in  length  from  one-third  to  three 
and  one-quarter  inches,  and  is  sometimes  white  though 
it  usually  appears  to  be  rod  because  of  the  blood  it  con- 
tains. This  parasite  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
Its  favorite  haunt  is  marshy  land. 

Symptoms:  Paleness  of  all  visible  membranes,  eyes 
watery  and  inflamed,  swelling  of  the  sheath,  legs,  and 
lower  surface  of  the  belly;  fetid  diarrhoea,  dullness,  de- 
bility,.emaciation,  rough  coat,  and  the  presence  of  worms 
in  the  feces.  The  worms  when  first  passed  are  bright 
red  in  color  but  after  being  exposed  to  the  air  they  turn 
dark  and  may  easily  escape  tlie  notice  of  the  casual  ob- 
server. 

Treatment:  Withhold  all  food  for  twenty-four  hours, 
then  place  the  following  drugs  in  a  gelatin  capsule :  Cal- 
omel, two  drams,  Barbadoes  Aloes,  three  drams;  Ferri 
Sulphate,  two  drams.  Give  witli  capsule  gun.  Also 
place  the  following  tonic  in  their  feed:  Pulv.  Quassia, 
one  ounce ;  Ferri  Sulphate,  two  ounces ;  Pulv.  Anise  Seed, 
two  ounces.  Mix  and  make  sixteen  powders.  Give  one 
powder  two  or  three  times  a  day  in  the  feed. 


RHEUMATISM 

Cause  :  Exposure  to  cold  rains,  drafts,  lying  on  damp 
ground  when  the  blood  is  in  poor  condition.  Also  due  to 
over-stimulating  food. 

Symptoms  :  Lameness,  swelling  or  soreness  which  may 
shift  from  one  place  to  another,  then  finally  locate  in  or 
near  one  of  the  joints  of  the  limbs. 

Treatment:    Take  away  all  grains  and  feed  laxative 


68 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


ft 


foods  such  as  potatoes,  carrots,  apples,  kale  and  good 
hay.  If  the  weather  is  warm  turn  out  to  pasture,  but 
confine  in  warm  stable  at  ni^iit.  It  is  advisable  to  give 
a  physic,  r.s  Aloin,  two  drams ;  Gentian,  one  dram ;  Gin- 
ger, one  dram.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  at  one 
dose  with  capsule  gun,  as  its  action  on  the  blood  has  a 
very  good  effect.  When  the  swellings  are  painful,  apply 
Camphorated  Liniment  once  or  twice  daily.  Also,  ad- 
minister the  followin<r  tonic :  Potassi  Iodide,  one  ounce ; 
Nitrate  of  Potash,  two  ounces;  Chlorate  of  Potasli,  two 
ounces:  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  one  ounce;  Ferri  Sulphate, 
one  Dunce;  Pulv.  Anise  Seed,  four  ounces.  Mix  well  and 
make  into  twenty  powders.  Give  one  powder  three  times 
a  day  in  bran  or  place  in  capsule  and  give  with  capsule 
gun.  

RING  BONE 
Cause  :  Faulty  conformation— as  a  narrow  or  straight 
pastern  joint  is  considered  faulty.  Be  very  careful  in 
selecting  a  sire  when  breeding,  as  faulty  conformation  is 
hereditary.  Ringbone  may  also  result  when  young  an- 
imals  are  put  to  work  on  hard  roads  or  running  in  stony 
pastures  sometimes  produces  Ringbone  before  the  bones 
have  become  properly  hardened.  Other  causes  arc  in- 
jury to  tendons  or  ligaments,  bruised  joints,  blows,  calk- 
ing, or  picking  up  a  nail. 

Symptoms:  Lameness  will  manifest  itself  when  the 
horse  first  starts  out  in  the  morning;  this  may  become 
less  noticeable  or  even  disappear  temporarily  as  the  an- 
imal ^yorks.  They  gradually  grow  lamer  and  examina- 
tion will  disclose  an  enlargement  at  or  around  the  top  of 
the  hoof.  This  may  appear  in  one  or  more  feet,  but 
the  front  feet  are  more  often  affected. 

Treatmext  :  If  the  Ringbone  is  very  much  inflamed, 
reduce  the  heat  by  applying  cold  water  or  ice  packs  to 
the  part.  Clip  off  all  hair  from  around  the  top  of  the 
hoof  and  rub  in  well  for  twenty  minutes  the  following: 
Bed  Iodide  of  Mercury,  two  drams;  Pulv.  Cantharides, 


I 
I 


LJcm 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


€» 


two  drams ;  Turpentine,  one  dram ;  Pine  Tar,  two  drams, 
and  mix  in  two  ounces  of  Lard.  Tliis  applied  every  two 
days  for  a  week  and  repeat  same  treatment  in  two  weeks. 
Keep  the  animal  as  quiet  as  possible  as  it  assists  in  pro- 
ducing a  recovery.  If  the  animal  is  comparatively  young, 
recovery  is  certain,  although  the  enlargement  may  never 

disappear.  

ROUND   WORM 
(Ascaris  Megalcephala) 

Resembles  the  Earth  Worm  somewhat  in  shape,  yellow- 
ish-white in  color,  stiff  and  elastic.  When  full  grown,  it 
varies  in  length  from  six  to  sixteen  inches.  These  womis 
are  usually  found  in  the  small  intestines,  although  they 
sometimes  invade  the  stomach,  and  when  numerous  se- 
riously disturb  the  animal's  health. 

Symptoms:  The  animal's  general  health  is  affected  as 
is  evident  from  the  morbid  state  of  his  appetite,  rouglx 
ooat,  pot-belly,  liability  to  colic  and  slight  diarrhoea. 
Some  of  tiiesc  worms  are  often  expelled  with  the  feces. 
As  they  increase  in  number,  they  block  up  the  small  in- 
testines, giving  rise  to  colic,  and  may  in  time  kill  the 
horse.    They  sometimes  cause  perforation  of  the  bowels. 

Treatment  :  Withhold  all  food  from  eighteen  to  twen- 
ty-four hours,  then  administer  the  following:  Ferri 
Sulphate,  two  drams;  Antimony  Tartrate,  two  drair.»; 
Pulv.  Quassia,  two  drams.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and 
give  with  capsule  gun.  Follow  this  from  six  to  eight 
hours  witli  Aloin,  two  drams;  Ginger,  two  drams,  and 
give  as  above  directed.  It  is  a  good  plan  to  repeat  the 
above  treatment  in  ten  days  to  insure  the  removal  of  any 
worms  which  mav  have  survived  the  first  treatment. 


SCROTAL   RUPTURE 

(Inffulnal  Hernia) 
Cause:    Abnormal   size  of  the  upper  ring  through 
■which  a  part  of  the  intestines  or  its  connecting  mem- 
brane descends  into  and  through  the  canal  leading  froji 


70 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


the  abdomen  to  the  scrotal  cavity.  There  is  little  danger 
of  strangulation  from  this  form  of  rupture  which  may 
occur  at  birth  and  disappear  with  age.  A  careful  exam- 
ination should  therefore  be  made  of  the  scrotum  before 
castration. 

Symptoms  :  In  most  cases,  this  condition  is  easily  de- 
tected. The  scrotum  will  be  somewhat  enlarged.  Some- 
times the  intestines  will  become  strangulated  and  colicky 
symptoms  appear.  When  a  young  male  colt  shows  signs 
of  colic,  examine  him  for  Scrotal  Rupture. 

Tre.\tment :  The  trouble  usually  disappears  with  age 
althougli  in  some  eases  it  is  well  to  operate.  Where  col- 
icky sjnnptoms  are  present,  roll  the  colt  on  its  back, 
manipulating  the  scrotum.    Diet  carefully. 


SHOE  BOIL 

(Cupped  Elbow) 

Cause  :  Injuries,  bruises  or  pressure  when  lying  on  a 
rough  floor.  Sharp  heeled  shoes  and  kicks  also  have  a 
tendency  to  produce  it. 

Sympto-ais  :  A  hot  painful  swelling  of  the  En)ow  joint 
when  first  noticed.  When  neglected,  it  takes  on  a  white 
fibrous  or  callous  growth. 

Treatment:  First  remove  the  cause.  Do  not  lance 
the  enlargement;  let  it  come  to  a  head  of  its  own  accord, 
by  applying  Red  Iodide  of  Mercury,  two  drams;  Pulv. 
Cantharides,  three  drams;  Lard,  two  ounces.  Mix  well 
together  and  apply  twice  a  week.  When  the  swelling  is 
hot  and  painful  it  is  well  to  apply  cold  water  or  ice  packs 
before  applying  the  above  mentioned  prescription. 


t  ■  '■ 


SPLINTS 

Cause  :  This  disease  is  chiefly  produced  by  trotting  or 
running  on  hard  ground,  etc.  It  is  evident'  that  horses 
with  high  knee  action  and  heavy  bodies  are  more  liable 
to  this  disease.  Jumping  is  also  a  common  cause  of 
splints,  but  the  more  accustomed  a  horse  is  to  jumping 


!  1= 


Ji 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


71 


the  less  liable  he  is  to  throw  splints,  because  practice 
teaches  the  animal  to  regulate  his  movements  so  as  to 
more  or  less  diminish  the  disagreeable  if  not  actually 
painful  effect  of  concussion. 

Symptoms:  A  splint  is  detected  by  grasping  the 
horse's  leg  with  the  fingers  upon  one  side  and  the  thumb 
upon  the  other,  and  tracing  the  inner  and  outer  splint 
bones  from  their  heads  downward  to  their  tapering  ex- 
tremities. Any  actual  enlargement  will  at  once  arrest 
the  hand ;  any  rising  or  irregularity  will  create  suspicion 
and  lead  to  close  examination.  Horses,  especially  young 
ones  which  have  lately  been  put  to  work,  not  infrequently 
develop  splints  before  any  swelling  appears.  For  this 
reason,  in  examining  a  case  of  obscure  lameness,  partic- 
ularly if  the  animal  ,is  young,  do  not  fail  to  look  for  the 
sign  of  splint  lameness,  namely :  that  the  lameness  is  ab- 
normally greater  at  a  trot  than  at  a  walk  and  that  the  an- 
imal usually  fails  to  bend  the  knees  freely  and  grows 
worse  with  exercise.  The  last  mentioned  condition  is 
also  present  with  corns,  but  an  examination  of  the  foot 
will  determine  the  question  of  their  existence.  In  young 
horses  splints  are  sometimes  mistaken  for  coffin-joint 
lameness  or  navicular  disease.  T  avoid  this  error,  it 
should  be  remembered  that,  when  brought  on  by  navicular 
disease,  the  action  of  the  limb  improves  with  exercise; 
also  that  horses  of  five  years  of  age  or  less  very  rarely 
suffer  from  coffin-joint  disease.  Some  horses,  owing  to 
unusual  development  of  the  inner  splint  bones  of  the  fore 
legs  may  appear  to  have  splints,  although  careful  ex- 
amination may  prove  both  limbs  to  be  free  from  any  bony 
deposit.  When  deciding  such  a  point,  note  if  the  two 
inner  splint  bones  are  of  the  same  size.  Any  swelling 
perceptible  in  a  limb  recently  affected  with  splint-lame- 
ness is  usually  attended  by  heat  and  pain. 

Treatment:  If  there  is  heat  present,  foment  with 
hot  or  cold  water;  when  heat  has  subsided,  apply  the  fol- 
lowing ointment:    Red  Iodide  of  Mercury,  two  drams; 


72 


THE   VETERINARIAN' 


Lkjum. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


73 


Turpentine,  twenty  drops,  and  mix.  Apply  every  forty- 
eight  hours  until  three  applications  have  been  applied. 
Rub  in  for  twenty  minutes  each  time. 

During  this  treatment  use  the  horse  for  slow  work  on 
soft  roads,  etc.  As  a  rule  the  splints  will  not  disappear  at 
oneo,  but  will  gradually.  I  may  add  that  connnon  splints 
are  not  considered  an  unsoundness. 


SPASMODIC   COLIC 

Cause  :  Horses  seem  to  be  predisposed  to  this  form  of 
colic  on  account  of  the  great  length  of  their  intestines 
which  are  apt  to  be  telescoped,  twisted  or  their  circular 
muscular  fibers  spasmodically  contracted.  Perhaps  the 
principal  cause  is  a  change  of  foo<l,  sudden  change  of 
temperature,  constii)ation,  drinking  cold  or  too  large  a 
quantity  of  water,  especially  if  the  animal  is  warm ;  over- 
loading tlic  stomach  with  frozen  or  mouldv  food.  Worms 
frequently  produce  colic. 

Symptoms  :  If  tlie  animal  is  tied  it  will  become  uneasy, 
paw,  point  its  nose  to  the  flank,  twitch  the  tail,  lie  down 
and  get  up  frequently.  If  the  animal  is  loose  it  will  walk 
around,  paw,  kick  at  its  belly  with  the  hind  feet,  make 
attempts  to  lie  down,  roll  on  its  back  and  remain  in  that 
position  for  a  while.  The  pulse  increases  with  the  pain, 
temperature  rises  from  one-half  to  one  degree,  breathing 
labored  and  fast,  tlie  animal  sweats  in  spots,  there  may 
be  diarrhoea  present.  l)ut  this  does  not  frequently  occur. 

Unfavorable  sA-mptoms  of  spasmodic  colic  are  cold 
legs  to  the  feet,  point  of  the  ears  cold,  trembling  of  the 
muscles,  cold  sweats,  mucous  membranes  of  the  nose, 
mouth  and  eyes  have  a  dark  color  due  to  the  congestion. 

Treatmext:  In  all  cases  of  spasmodic  colic,  except 
where  there  is  diarrhoea  present  or  mares  heavily  in  foal, 
give  Aloin,  two  drams;  Ginger,  two  drams.  Place  in 
gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  It  is  advisa- 
ble to  give  rectal  injection  of  Warm  Water  and  Glycerine. 
They  are  soothing  and  cooling  to  the  intestinal  canal. 


in 


74 


THE   VETEBINAEIAN 


Also  give  the  following  prescription :   Pulv.  Nux  Vomica 
four  ounces;  Carbonate  of  Ammonia,  four  ounces;  Asn- 
foetida,  four  ounces.    Make  into  six  powders;  place  one 
powder  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun 
every  two  hours  until  rcliovod.    The  former  prescriptio.i 
removes  the  cause  as  it  is  a  physic.    The  latter  contains 
medicmes  blended  so  as  to  counteract  the  spasmodic  con- 
tractions of  the  bowels.     It  is  also  a  heart  stimulant, 
just  what  is  needed  in  colic  to  keep  up  the  animal's 
vitality.    Beware  of  colic  remedies  that  are  given  in  drop 
doses.    They  contain  drugs  to  only  relieve  the  pain  and 
not  remove  the  cause.    When  their  effects  ar.'  worn  off, 
the  disease  has  progressed;  the  anunal's  heart  action 
has  been  weakened  and  chances  are  that  the  animal  will 
die.     Tf  drenching  is  resorted  to,  it  must  be  done  with 
great  precaution.     Rememl)er  a  horse  cannot  breathe 

through  his  mouth.  . 

SIDE  BONES 
Cause  :  The  chief  causes  of  Side  Bones  are :  Depri- 
vation of  frog  pressure,  injuries,  liigli  heeled  shoes,  the 
use  of  which  is  almost  entirely  confined  to  draft  horses. 
A  high-heeled  shoe  prevents  the  frog  from  resting  on 
the  ground  which  is  its  natural  support. 

Symptoms  :  Enlargement  just  above  the  hoof,  usuallv 
affectmg  the  front  feet,  or  may  affect  onlv  one  side  of- 
one  of  the  feet.  The  pain  which  produces'the  lameness 
IS  due  to  pressure  on  the  soft  tissues  between  the  newly 
formed  side  bone  and  the  hoof.  Sometimes  the  enlarge- 
ment has  a  tendency  to  spread  the  hoof.  In  such  a  case 
the  lameness  is  not  so  severe. 

Treatmext:  Clip  the  hair  from  over  tlie  Side  Bone 
and  rasp  the  foot  below  the  enlargement,  so  that  the  hoof 
will  be  flexible  on  pressure  from  the  fingers.  Then  applv 
the  following  to  both  the  enlargement  and  the  rasped 
siirface  on  the  hoof :  Red  Iodide  of  Mercnrv,  two  drams  • 
Pulv.  Cantharides,  four  drams.  Mix  well  in  two  ounces 
of  Lard  and  apply  every  forty-eight  hours  until  three 
applications  have  been  applied. 


li- 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


75 


If  you  must  work  tlic  animal,  put  it  to  aoiue  easy  work 
where  it  Las  soft  ground  to  walk  upon. 


STAGGERS 

(Forage  Fjisoning — Inflammation  of  the  Brain) 

(Cereb ral  Meningitis) 

Cause:  Certain  plants  or  stagnant  water  are  most 
counnonly  instrumental  in  producing  staggers;  fre- 
quently seen  in  the  early  autumn  months  when  tlie  grass 
iu  the  pastures  hecomes  dry  and  certain  forage  remains 
•rreen  whicli  contains  toxic  principles.  These  plants  are 
ravenously  eaten  by  horses  on  account  of  Ix'ing  green  and 
tender.  This  is  one  of  the  tonnnon  causes  of  the  disease, 
althou^di  mouldy,  indigestible  or  highly  nitrogenous  foods 
are  frciiuently  producers  of  staggers.  This  fonn  of  stag- 
>rers  is  not  contagious,  although  what  produces  staggers 
iu  one  horse  will  also  produce  it  in  another.  In  this  way 
several  horses  may  beconu'  affected  with  staggers  at  the 
same  time.  Inflammation  of  the  brain  may  occur  as  a 
complication  of  some  infectious  or  digestive  disease. 
Other  causes  are  blows  to  the  head,  tumors  in  or  on  the 
brain,  whicb  cause  the  animal  to  naturally  stagger,  as 
the  brain  controls  the  horse's  organs  of  locomotion. 

Symptoms:  Vary  to  a  certain  extent,  but  a  careful 
observer  will  detect  some  trouble  connected  with  the 
nervous  system,  as  the  animal  walking  unsteadily,  step- 
ping high  and  keeping  the  legs  spread  apart,  bracing  it- 
self to  keep  from  falling.  There  is  also  great  depres- 
sion, as  dullness  and  sleepiness  with  little  or  no  inclina- 
tion to  move  about.  The  head  may  be  placed  against  a 
wall  or  fence  and  the  legs  kept  moving  as  if  the  horse 
were  trying  to  walk.  As  the  disease  progresses  and  no 
attempts  are  made  to  relieve  it,  they  will  become  frac- 
tious, ner\'ous,  easily  excited,  pawing  and  eventually  fall, 
keeping  the  feet  moving  as  if  walking,  throwing  their 
heads  about  in  a  delirious  manner  and  eventually  death 


76 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


?f 


1^    i 


follows.  The  horse  as  a  rule  eats  and  drinks  ravenously 
■when  the  first  si^ns  of  stagRers  are  noticed,  but  in  its 
latter  stap^os  tho  tonj?ue  and  Rullot  become  paralyzed  and 
although  tlie  animal  attempts  to  eat  and  drink  he  can- 
not swallow.  The  pulse  varies.  It  is  stronjf,  but  sub- 
normal when  the  first  syniptoms  of  staggers  are  noticed, 
that  is  to  say,  it  is  as  slow  as  twenty  to  twenty-five 
beats  per  minute.  As  the  disease  progresses,  however, 
it  becomes  wenV'-r  and  faster.  Constipation  frequently 
accompanies  this  disease,  also  paleness  tingfd  with  yel- 
low about  the  nuicous  membranes  of  the  mouth  and  eyes. 
In  many  instances  I  believe  tliat  the  poisonous  forage 
eaten  by  horses  depresses  the  heart  action  to  such  -.m  ex- 
tent that  it  results  in  the  brain  not  receiving  the  proper 
blood  supply,  causing  dizziness  or  staggers. 

Tkeatmext:  Place  the  animal  in  a  clean,  dark  stall, 
keeping  the  surroundings  as  quiet  as  possiblr.  In  its 
first  stages  it  is  easily  treated,  but  as  the  horso  l)ecomes 
easily  excited  and  his  swallowing  becomes  difficult,  treat- 
ment becomes  more  difficidt.  When  tho  first  signs  are 
noticed,  administ«'r  a  physic  as:  Aloin,  two  or  three 
drants;  Ginger,  two  or  three  drams,  according  to  the  size 
of  the  animal.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  giv»'  with 
capsule  gun.  This  physic  removes  the  irritant  from  the 
intestines  and  prevents  its  absorption  into  the  blood. 
Also  administer  tlie  following :  Bromide  of  Potassium, 
twelve  ounces;  Xitrate  of  Potash,  four  ounces;  Iodide  of 
Potash,  three  ounces.  INlake  into  twenty-four  capsules 
and  give  one  capsule  every  four  hours. 

My  method  of  administering  medicine  to  animals  places 
me  in  a  position  to  treat  them  and  compel  them  to  take 
the  medicine  even  though  paralysis  may  exist.  When 
animals  will  eat,  feed  food  that  is  easily  digested,  as  hot 
wheat  bran  mashes,  steamed  rolled  oats  and  vegetables 
and  give  small  quantities,  but  often,  of  clean  fresh  water. 
It  is  necessary  to  give  stimulants  and  tonics  as  soon  as 
they  are  on  the  road  to  recovery,  as  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica, 


:   I 


I    li 


M^^ 


DISEASES   UF  THE   HORSE 


77 


four  ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces;  Sulphate 
uf  Iron,  two  ounces.  Make  into  sixteen  capsules  and  give 
one  capsule  three  times  daily. 


STIFLE  JOINT   LAMENESS 

(Dislocation  of  the  Vntella) 
Alt  ough  dislocations  are  infrequent,  this  is  the  most 

con)ii)'m  form  which  occurs  in  the  horse. 

Cause:    Young  loose  jointed  horses  are  predispose*! 

to   lisloeation  of  the  stifle  o^.  nccount  of  the  coniparativ*? 

wail     of  strength  of  tin       ii;.'u.'»ents.     They  are  much 


more  iiable  to  this  ucciut 
f  they  are  in  poor  healtb 
nature  of  which  wouid  lu 


ituii  '(>><»r  horses,  especially 
vi  roux'i  hilly  pastures;  the 
iliy  ;  ake  them  susceptible 
to  this  injury,  which,  however,  may  take  place  as  a  result 
of  accMent  at  any  age.  Young  horses  that  suffer,  olT 
and  on  from  dislocation,  often  lose  their  liahility  with 
increasing  strength  and  age.  This  dislocation  may  be 
partial  or  complete.  In  the  former  instance  and  the  most 
common  is  where  the  patella,  or  the  little  stifle  bone  that 
glides  it  the  groove  composed  of  the  lower  hip  and  upper 
thigh  bones,  has  V)ecome  partially  dislocated  or  removed 
from  its  natural  position. 

Symptoms:  When  the  dislocation  is  complete  the  af- 
fected limb  is  drawn  forward,  while  the  foot  from  the 
l»astern  down  is  drawn  l)ackward,  and  the  animal  mny 
throw  weight  on  it  when  made  to  move,  which  is  accom- 
plished with  great  difficulty.  When  the  dislocation  is 
partial,  the  sjTnptoms  are  about  the  same  as  mentioned, 
only  the  limb  is  less  rigid.  If  the  horse  is  moved,  tlu' 
stifle  makes  a  klick  sound.  In  this  form,  you  may  have 
both  limbs  affected. 

Treatment:  In  partial  dislocation,  the  stifle  bone 
may  be  replaced  by  drawing  the  leg  forward,  and  with 
the  hand  pressing  in  on  the  stifle.  In  complete  disloca- 
tion, tie  a  rope  around  the  pastern  of  the  affected  leg, 
then  draw  the  rope  through  a  collar  placed  around  the 


78 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


iff 

if  ; 


horse's  neck  and  draw  forward  as  far  as  possible  and 
tie.  Then  press  with  both  hands  inward.  After  tlic 
stifle  is  placed  back  into  position  use  the  following  lini- 
ment: Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  four  ounces;  Oil  of  Tur- 
pentine, four  ounces ;  Raw  Linseed  Oil,  four  ounces.  Mix 
and  apply  well  over  the  stifle  joint  once  or  twice  a  day  for 
two  or  three  days.  Feed  nourishing  food  and  jnit  the 
animal  to  slow,  easy  work  or  turn  out  to  good  pasture. 

In  old  chronic  cases  of  Stifle  Joint  Lameness,  treat- 
ment is  of  no  value,  ther<'fore,  care  for  the  animal  as 
soon  as  the  catch  in  the  walk  or  lameness  appears. 

STRING-HALT 

Cause  :  Several  theories  have  been  put  forth  as  to  the 
cause  of  String-Halt  which  is  generally  supposed  to  be  a 
nervous  disease ;  a  condition  opposite  to  paralysis.  The 
exact  cause  of  tliis  disease  is  hard  to  determine,  but  it  is 
likely  to  occur  in  liiglily  nervous  horses.  It  sometimes 
follows  an  injury  which  may  have  irritated  the  nerves 
in  some  way.  I  believe  that  castration  causes  it  in  many 
instances,  due  to  the  severe  struggle  when  being  thrown, 
or  pulling  down  severely  on  the  spermatic  cord  when  re- 
moving the  testicle. 

Symptoms:  Spasmodic  contraction  of  one  or  l)oth 
limbs.  This  sign  varies,  as  sometimes  it  is  very  violent, 
while  in  others  it  may  be  so  slight  that  it  is  hard  to  detect 
when  stepping  the  hoise  forward,  but  on  backing  or  turn- 
ing t!io  horse  around  the  signs  are  easily  noticed.  All 
sj-mptoms  are  better  marked  in  the  winter  than  in  tlie 
summer,  as  some  show  it  in  the  winter  that  do  not  show 
it  in  the  summer  at  all. 

Treatment  :  Yory  unsnccessful,  although  an  opera- 
tion proves  beneficial  in  some  cases,  but  if  this  is  at- 
tempted, the  services  of  a  competent  Veterinarian  should 
be  secured. 

The  feeding  of  laxative  foods  that  are  easily  digested 
relieves  String-Halt  in  many  instances. 


u 


ik 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


79 


SORE  THROAT 

(Pharyngitis — La  ryngitis) 

Cause:  Exposure  to  cold  weather  or  rain  when  the 
animal  is  not  accustomed  to  it ;  drenching  with  irritating 
medicines  or  inhaling  irritating  smoke  or  gases. 

Symptoms:  At  first  the  animal  generally  chills,  the 
k'gs  and  ears  are  cold,  but  eventually  they  become  very 
Avarm  as  the  temperature  increases,  coughing,  grinding  of 
the  teeth,  saliva  oozing  from  the  mouth;  the  animal  will 
hold  its  head  in  a  stitf  straight  position,  moving  it  as  little 
as  possible.  There  will  be  groat  difficulty  in  masticating 
and  swallowing,  as  the  food  will  come  from  the  mouth  in 
the  form  of  wads,  and  as  this  soreness  of  the  throat  pro- 
irrcsses  food  will  also  come  from  the  nostrils.  This  is  a 
bad  sign,  as  extensive  inflammation  is  no  doubt  present. 
"Water,  also,  runs  tlirougli  the  nostrils  freely  when  the 
animal  attempts  to  drink,  due  to  the  swollen  condition  of 
the  throat.  The  animal  forces  the  water  back  into  the 
mouth,  but  is  unable  to  svallow  and  hence  the  water 
gushes  out  through  the  nostrils.  The  animal  evinces 
great  pain  when  pressure  is  applied  from  the  outside 
and  he  breathes  with  great  difficulty.  Although  the 
l)ulse  is  not  nnich  aflfected  at  this  stage,  the  temperature 
is  elevated  from  one  to  two  degrees  above  normal.  The 
urine  becomes  scanty  and  highly  colored,  the  eyes  blood- 
shot and  discharging.  Eventually  the  throat  becomes 
greatly  swollen  and  abscesses  may  form  and  discharge. 
As  a  rule  constipation  is  associated  with  this  disease. 

Treatment:  ,Mild  attacks  of  sore  throat  are  easily 
treated,  but  when  serious  eases  develop,  it  is  unsuccess- 
ful. Place  the  animal  in  a  clean,  comfortable  stall;  per- 
mit as  nmch  fresh  air  as  possible,  but  avoid  all  drafts.  If 
the  weather  is  chilly,  blanket  the  animal,  hand  rub  the 
legs  and  bandage  with  woolen  cloths  or  bandage.  Ad- 
minister a  mixture  made  from  Chlorate  of  Potash,  three 
ounces;  Nitrate  of  Potash,  three  ounces;  Tannic  Acid, 
one-half  ounce;  Molasses,  one-half  pint;  Pine  Tar,  one- 


80 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


^1  ■ 


half  pint.  Mix  well  and  place  about  one  tablespoonful 
on  the  tongue  every  two  hours  in  severe  cases ;  in  mild 
attacks,  give  less  frequently.  When  they  will  eat,  feed 
food  that  is  easily  digested,  as  hot  wheat  bran  mashes  and 
steamed  rolled  oats  containing  two  or  three  ounces  of 
pure  ground  flaxseed.  It  is  always  necessary  to  apply 
strong  liniments  to  the  throat,  as  they  relievo  inflamma- 
tion and  stimulate  the  formation  of  an  abscess.  The  fol- 
lowing liniment  will  be  found  very  beneficial :  Aqua  Am- 
monia Fort.,  four  ounces ;  Oil  of  Turpentine,  four  ounces ; 
Sweet  Oil,  six  ounces ;  shake  well  and  apply  two  or  thre<» 
times  daily.  If  the  swelling  is  extreme  between  the  jaws, 
so  as  to  interfere  with  the  animal's  breathing,  it  is  wtil  to 
lance  the  abscess  if  a  soft  spot  can  be  found.  Just  cut 
throiigh  the  skin  with  a  knife;  then  use  a  clean  blunt  in- 
strument to  locate  the  pus  cavity.  Otherwise,  severe 
hemorrhage  may  be  produced. 


SURFEIT 
(Nettie-Rash — Urtecaria) 

Cause:  The  usual  cause  of  Surfeit  is  supposed  to  be 
due  to  a  character  of  food  consumed  whicli  upsets  the 
animal's  digestive  organs,  the  skin  being  continuous  with 
the  mucous  membranes  lining  the  intestinal  canal.  A  dis- 
turbance of  the  one  structure  is  readily  communicated  to 
the  other.  Apparently,  owing  to  the  extreme  dry  nature 
of  the  forage  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  horses 
in  the  United  States  frequently  suffer  from  Surfeit. 

Symptoms:  Surfeit  is  a  term  applied  to  an  eruption 
of  small  irregular  lumps  or  boils  which  are  more  or  less 
painful  to  the  touch  and  which  lireak  out  suddenly  us  a 
rule  on  the  horse's  body  and  neck,  and  in  rare  cases  on 
the  legs.  A  favorite  seat  of  Surfeit  is  the  parts  covered 
with  the  harness  or  saddle  and  along  the  neck  and  with- 
ers. Surfeit  is  very  troublesome  and  annoys  both  the 
horso  and  driver,  especially  when  the  horse  perspires,  as 
he  will  rub  violoutiy  when  coming  in  contact  with  any 
object. 


I   } 


DISEASES  OP  THE  HORSE 


81 


Teeatment  :  Give  two  to  four  ounces  of  Epsom  Salts 
in  hot  wheat  bran  maslies  every  morning.  Feed  as  much 
sloppy  food  as  possible,  vegetables,  etc.  Avoid  feeding 
dry  woody  hay,  as  it  irritates  the  intestines  and  aggra- 
vates the  disease.  

SWEENEY 

(Atrophy) 

Cause:  An  ill  fitting  collar,  one  tug  longer  than  the 
other,  striking  an  object  when  pulling,  like  a  stone  or  a 
corner  of  a  building,  slipping,  kicks,  or  the  animal  may 
have  a  splint,  sprain,  ringbone,  sidebone,  cofi&n-joint 
lameness,  curb,  corns,  stifle  lameness,  in  fact  anything 
that  tends  to  make  an  animal  favor  the  use  of  certain 
muscles.  It  is  not  a  disease,  just  a  lack  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  muscles,  which  waste  away  or  shrink  when 
not  used  as  nature  provided.  For  instance,  perhaps  you 
have  had  or  have  seen  persons  that  had  a  fractured  leg 
or  arm  and  on  account  of  not  being  able  to  use  the  leg  or 
arm  the  muscles  wasted  away  (Atrophy),  until  they  were 
used  normally  for  sometime,  when  the  muscles  again  came 
back  to  their  normal  size. 

Symptoms:  First  locate  the  cause.  The  animal  may 
be  very  lame  although  I  have  seen  Sweeneys  wliere  lame- 
ness was  very  hard  to  detect,  being  those  which  were 
usually  due  to  ill  fitting  collars.  Remember  you  can  have 
a  Sweeney  of  the  hip  as  well  as  the  shoulder,  and  keep 
in  mind  the  above  mentioned  causes. 

Tbeatment  :  When  you  have  an  animal  affected  with 
Sweeney,  find  the  true  cause  and  remove  it  if  possible. 
Unless  the  Sweeney  is  an  old  chronic  one,  it  is  success- 
fully treated  with  Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  four  ounces; 
Turpentine,  four  ounces ;  Sweet  Oil,  four  ounces.  Mix 
and  apply  well  over  wasted  muscles  once  a  day.  If  the 
application  is  too  irritating,  as  some  horses  have  thin- 
ner skins  than  others,  it  is  advisable  to  add  more  Sweet 
Oil  than  above  mentioned. 


82 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


i  I  L 


»;  ! 


Vi 


TAPEWORM 

(Taenia) 
These  worms  have  been  found  in  the  horse,  but  so 
rarely  that  they  need  not  be  considered. 


THOROUGHPIN 

Cause:  Generally  due  to  some  irritation  of  the  hock 
joint  such  as  severe  sprains  from  animal  jumping,  slip- 
ping, kick  or  falling  through  a  culvert  or  bridge  or  it  is 
frequently  hereditary;  so  be  very  careful  in  choosing  a 
sire  when  breeding. 

Symptoms:    Sometimes  there  is  lameness  when  the 
Thoroughpin  is  first  noticed,  but  it  will  gradually  disap- 
pear as  soon  as  the  inflammation  ceases.    There  will  be 
a  puflfy,  soft  enlargement  which  occurs  at  the  upper  anrl 
back  part  of  the  hock,  beneath  the  great  tendons.    Gen- 
erally both  sides  are  enlarged  and  puffy,  but  occasionallv 
it  hapi)eiis  that  one  side  is  only  involved.    Thoroughpin 
IS  also  a  forerunner  of  Bog  Spavin  as  thov  generally  are 
connect.-d,  as  you  are  aware  that  the  hock  contains  joint 
oil  as  all  other  joints  do,  retained  in  place  bv  a  thin,  white 
fibrous  membrane.    Irritation  of  the  book  joint  tends  to 
develop  an  extra  large  quantity  of  joint  oil,  and  the  hock 
IS  less  protected  l)y  tciulons  where  a  Thoroughpin  or  Bog 
Spavin  occurs— hence  those  puffy  swellings  are  filled 
with  joint  oil  and  are  connected.     If  you  press  on  one 
S!<le  of  a  Tlioroughpiii,  yon  will  see  the  other  side  bulge 
out.    If  you  i.ress  on  a  Bog  Spavin  and  there  is  a  Thor- 
oughp.n  pn-sent,  you  will  see  it  bulge  on  either  side  of 
the  1  horouglipin — or  vice  versa. 

Thkatmf.x T :  If  on  an  old  horse  and  the  Thoroughpin 
IS  of  Innir  standing,  treatment  is  unsatisfactorv,  but  on 
f he  otlier  hand  if  the  animal  is  younj?  it  can  be  success- 
fiilly  treate.1  with  Tincture  of  Iodine,  one  ounce;  Gum 
Camphor,  two  ounces;  Gasolene,  one  pint.  Mix  well  and 
rnb  in  with  nail  or  tooth  brush  twice  a  week.  Keep  the 
animal  as  quiet  as  possible  as  the  results  will  be  accom- 


II 


lii. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


83 


pushed  much  sooner.  Never  attempt  to  open  or  lance  a 
puffy  swelling  about  a  joint  as  it  contains  joint  oil.  The 
result  would  be  an  open  joint. 

THRUSH 

Cause:  The  two  main  causes  of  Thrush  are  lack  of 
pressure  on  the  frc»g  and  the  decomposing  effect  of  filth 
and  fermentation  of  organic  matter  which  accumulates  in 
the  cleft  of  the  frog. 

Symptoms:  The  animal  in  some  cases  is  lame;  tliore 
will  be  a  swelling  accompanied  by  a  very  fetid  discharge ; 
in  some  cases  the  frog  has  practically  rotted  away ;  there 
will  be  more  or  less  inflammation  in  the  foot.  The  legs 
may  even  swell.  Thrush  is  more  frequently  found  in  the 
hind  feet  because  of  the  manure  and  filth  v;ith  which  they 
jiiust  come  in  contact. 

Treatment  :  Cut  away  all  loose  pieces  of  horn  from 
over  the  frog  and  apply  a  Flaxseed  meal  poultice  and 
leave  it  on  for  twenty-four  hours,  after  which  wash  well 
with  Soap  and  warm  water.  Then  apply  Calomel  to  the 
groove  in  the  frog.  Keep  the  foot  clean.  Do  not  allow 
the  animal  to  stand  in  filth. 


WIND    COLIC 

(Flatulent  Colic) 
Cause  :  This  dangerous  form  of  Colic  is  a  distension 
of  the  bowels  with  gas,  resulting  generally  from  the  de- 
composition of  undigested  food  in  the  bowels.  It  some- 
times follows  Spasmodic  Colic,  in  which  there  is  first 
spasms  due  to  the  irritations  set  up  by  the  presence  of 
undigested  matter,  and  subsequently  this  food  decom- 
poses and  forms  gas.  I  may  conclude  that  Flatulent  or 
Wind  Colic  is  usually  caused  by  errors  in  feeding  and 
watering  horses.  Perhaps  the  animal  has  been  given 
large  quantities  of  rank  grass,  watery  roots,  which  on 
account  of  its  moist  nature  is  quickly  swallowed  without 
being  properly  masticated. 


it 


84 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


u 


!? 


Symptoms:  The  signs  resemble  those  of  Spasmodic 
Colic,  except  that  they  are  less  violent.  In  most  cases 
there  is  general  accumulation  of  gas,  the  abdomen  dis- 
tended to  a  considerable  size  before  the  animal  shows 
signs  of  uneasiness.  In  cases  where  the  animal  swells 
on  the  right  side,  it  is  the  large  intestines  filled  with 
gas.  In  other  cases  where  both  sides  are  equally  swollen, 
the  stomach  and  small  intestines  contain  gas.  The 
horse's  back  will  have  an  arched  appearance,  passing  of 
gas  from  the  anus  frequently,  the  horse  will  make  at- 
tempts to  vomit.  In  some  cases  actual  vomiting  takes 
place.  This  is  a  bad  sign,  as  rupture  of  the  stomaoli 
usually  occurs  at  this  stage. 

Tbeatment:  Give  Aloin,  two  drams;  Ginger,  two 
drams,  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun. 
However,  this  is  a  physic  and  should  not  be  given  to 
mares  heavily  in  foal.  Also  apply  to  the  al)dominal  cav- 
ity, liniment  consisting  of  Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  four 
ounces ;  Oil  of  Turpentine,  four  ounces ;  Sweet  Oil,  four 
ounces.    Mix  and  rub  in  well  over  the  abdomen. 

To  mares  heavy  with  foal,  apply  the  above  liniment 
and  give  rectal  injections  of  Glycerine  and  warm  water 
frequently. 

The  following  remedy  should  be  administered  to  all 
cases  of  Colic,  including  mares  hea\y  with  foal :  Aro- 
matic Spirits  of  Ammonia,  six  ounces ;  Turpentine,  six 
ounces.  Mix  well  tog<>ther  and  place  one  ounce  in  gelatin 
capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun  ever\'  hour.  Punctur- 
ing the  intestines  is  advisable  in  some  cases  to  relieve 
them  of  gas.  This  requires  a  special  instrument  for  the 
purpose  and  no  one  should  attempt  to  perform  the  opera- 
tion unless  they  know  the  anatomy  of  the  part,  as  the  ar- 
teries of  the  intestines  may  be  penetrated  and  produce 
internal  hemorrhage  or  infection  of  the  intestines,  or 
abscesses  may  follow. 


Li..«iita 


DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE 


85 


WIND    GALLS 

Cause  :    By  concussions  from  fast  work  on  hard  roads 
and  from  sprains  from  slipping. 

Symptoms:  When  concussions  alone  are  responsible, 
the  suspensory  ligament  and  the  back  tendons  will  at  first 
be  in  a  normal  condition,  and  the  swelling  will  probably 
be  commed  to  both  tho  inside  and  outside  of  the  leg,  and 
may  be  felt  in  the  form  of  a  puffy  swelling  on  each  side 
of  the  fetlock  by  placing  the  fore  finger  and  the  thumb 
on  the  joint.  In  more  serious  cases  resulting  from 
sprains,  the  vacant  space  between  the  back  tendons  and 
the  suspensory  ligament  may  also  become  filled  with 
fluids.  In  other  words,  a  Wind  Gall  has  formed.  In  some 
cases  the  animal  may  be  lame. 

Treatment  :  When  thoro  is  heat  present  apply  cold, 
wet  packs  until  the  heat  disappears.  Then  apply  Tinc- 
ture of  Iodine,  one  ounce;  Gum  Camphor,  two  ounces; 
to  one  pint  of  Gasolene.  Apply  every  three  days  with 
nail  or  tooth  brush.  Shake  contents  of  the  bottle  well 
each  time  before  applying. 

I  may  add  that  this  is  a  very  difficult  blemish  to  treat 
and  is  not  always  successful,  so  do  not  be  discouraged  if 
the  enlargements  do  not  disappear,  but  the  above  pre- 
scription has  proven  the  most  successful  of  any  treat- 
ment I  have  personally  used  in  my  private  practice. 

WOLF  OR  SUPERN LITERARY  TEETH 

Wolf  Teeth  are  comparatively  small  in  size  and  have 
only  one  root  and  are  found  just  in  front  of  the  iipper 
molar  teeth.  Sometimes  they  do  harm,  but  that  is  an 
exception  and  not  the  rule.  They  can  be  easily  removed 
with  a  pair  of  small  forceps  or  they  may  be  punched  mt 
in  some  instances. 

I  think  they  interfere  with  the  eyes,  causing  them  to 
become  watery  and  inflamed  due  to  the  tooth  exerting 
some  influence  upon  the  ophthalmic  division  of  the  fifth 
nerve. 


86 


11 


1      V- 


m 

m 
f 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


Supernumerary  Teeth:  Tooth  substance  may  develop 
m  ahuost  any  part  of  the  body.  These  are  called  Super- 
numerary Teeth  and  are  most  commonly  found  in  the 
testicles,  ovaries  and  sinuses  of  the  head,  etc. 


WOUNDS 

"Wounds  caused  by  external  injuries  have  a  general  re- 
semblancr  and  whether  clean-cut,  punctured,  lacerated, 
poisonous,  gunshot,  etc.,  require  practically  the  same 
treatment. 

Tbeatmext:  Wash  with  a  Carbolic  solution,  one  ta- 
blespoonful  to  one  pint  of  distilled  water. 

Sewing  of  Wounds :  I  cannot  say  that  I  am  in  favor 
of  .s.'win^r  wounds  unless  they  are  gaping  or  wide  open. 

After  the  wound  is  washod,  dust  with  Iodoform,  Bo- 
racic  Acid  and  Tannic  Acid,  each  one  ounce.  Powder  finely 
and  place  in  a  sifter  top  can  and  applv  twice  duilv. 
Cord  or  heavy  thread  may  ho  used  for  sewing  the  wound 
after  being  saturated  in  a  Carbolic  Acid  solution,  using 
a  large  darning  needle.  If  the  animal  is  vicious,  place  a 
twitch  on  his  nose  or  it  may  be  necessary  to  throw  him. 


^ 


UA 


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DISEASES  OF  CATTLE 


Causes^  Symptoms  and 
Treatments 


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CHAPTER  II 


ABSCESSES 

Cause:  Bruises  and  injuries.  They  are  also  seen  in 
complication  with  various  other  diseases,  as  Laryngitis, 
I'haryngitis,  Tuberculosis,  Luuip  Jaw,  Blood  Poison  or 
Pyemia  and  Septicemia. 

Symptoms:  Symptoms  will  vary  according  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  disease  or  injury.  It  may  not  be  noticed  at 
first,  but  upon  earcful  examination  swollen  lines  will  be 
ol (served  running  from  the  point  of  swelling.  In  many 
cases  a  swelling  is  noticed  which  is  hot,  painful  and 
throbbing,  which  enlarges  rapidly  in  two  or  three  days. 
The  swelling  and  heat  gradually  disappear  but  the 
Abscess  continues  to  grow.  The  hair  falls  from  the 
])()int  of  swelling  and  in  a  short  time  breaks  and  dis- 
charges pus.  The  cavity  gradually  fills  up  and  heals 
by  granulation. 

Treatment  :  In  all  cases,  hasten  the  ripening  process 
as  much  as  i)<)ssible  by  applying  hot  water  packs  or  hot 
bran,  flaxseed  or  vegetable  poultices.  It  is  common  with 
Veterinarians  to  lance  an  Abscess  as  soon  as  possible, 
but  this  requires  considerable  skill  and  practice  and  I 
would  advise  stock  owners  to  be  veiy  cautious  when 
porformiiig  this  operation,  as  there  is  great  danger  of 
cutting  arteries  which  would  cause  excessive  bleeding. 
A  very  good  plan  is  to  eneonrage  the  full  ripening  of 
an  Abscess,  as  above  stateii  When  opened,  do  not 
squeeze  the  Abscess  to  any  eximt,  but  press  gently  with 
clean  hands  or  cloth  to  remove  the  core  or  clot.  After 
this,  just  simply  keep  the  Abscess  open  by  washing  with 
a  three  per  cent  Carbolic  Acid  solution,  or  Bichloride  of 
Mercury,  one  in  one  thousand  s^olution.  Hyposulphite 
of  Soda  in  ounce  doses  should  be  given  two   or   three 

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MICROCOPY  RESOLUTION  TEST  CHART 

NATIONAL  BUREAU  OF  STANDARDS 

STANDARD  REFERENCE  MATERIAL  1010a 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


90 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


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times  a  clay  in  their  drinking  water.    This  will  prevent 
the  absorption  of  impurities  from  the  abscess  into  the 

blood  circulation.  

ABORTION 
(Non-Contagious) 

Cause:  Injuries  from  slipping  or  falling  on  icy 
roads,  in  box  cars,  and  deep  gutters;  receiving  blows 
on  the  body,  keeping  the  animal  in  insanitary  stables, 
eating  poor  food  that  may  be  irritating  or  poisonous, 
etc.  In  such  cases,  the  cow's  vitality  is  low  so  that  the 
foetus  dies  and  is  expelled  as  a  result.  Losing  large 
quantities  of  blood  also  produces  Abortion,  or  a  cow 
heavy  with  calf,  on  being  placed  in  the  same  quarters 
with  the  cows  that  retain  their  afterbirth,  is  liable  to 
abort.  Intestinal  wonns,  lung  worms,  liver  flukes,  caus- 
ing an  excessive  drain  upon  the  system  or  producing 
irritation  of  the  digestive  organs,  in  consequence  of 
■which  cow  gets  very  poor  and  emaciated.  The  above 
mentioned  are  perhaps  the  most  common  causes  of 
"Non-Contagious  Abortion." 

Symptoms:  The  cow  is  uneasy,  becomes  separated 
from  the  herd,  the  bag  and  vagina  may  be  sliglitly  in- 
flamed and  perhaps  the  latter  discharging.  If  a  cow 
heavy  with  calf  craves  the  chewing  and  eating  of  dirt, 
rags,  nails,  etc.,  this  is  a  sign  of  a  lack  of  iron  or  phos- 
phorus in  her  system  and  food  containing  these  elements 
should  be  provided. 

Preventive  Treatmext:  Provide  clean,  warm,  com- 
fortable quarters,  good  food,  pure  water  to  drink,  do 
not  subject  her  to  any  injuries,  do  not  permit  her  com- 
ing in  contact  with  cows  retaining  their  afterbirth. 

The  above  mentioned  is  very  important,  especially  if 
the  cows  are  valuable  and  a  large  yield  of  milk  is  ex- 
pected. If  they  have  worms,  treat  the  same  as  under 
their  special  heading.  If  they  have  a  loss  of  blood  or 
a  lack  of  mineral  matter  in  their  system,  the  following 
is  very  eflficient:     Pulv.  Ferri  Sulphate,  four  ounces; 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


91 


Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  two  ounces;  Pulv.  Fenugreek  Seed, 
four  ounces.  Mix  and  make  into  sixteen  powders.  Give 
one  powder  two  or  three  times  a  day  in  feed  or  place  in 
a  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun. 

AMAUROSIS    OF   THE   EYE 

Cause:    Paralysis  of  the  optic  nerve. 

Symptoms:  Pupil  fully  dilated  and  of  a  glassy  ap- 
pearance. This  condition  is  sometimes  calUi  "Glass 
Eye."  The  cow  carries  the  head  high  and  steps  high. 
This  condition  is  very  uncommon  in  cattle. 

Treatment  :  Nothing  can  be  done  for  a  cow  if  she  is 
blind,  but  this  condition  may  be  prevented  if  detected  in 
its  early  stages  of  development  by  the  proper  feeding 
of  nourishing  food,  good  clean  surroundings  and  the  ad- 
ministration of  nerve  tonics,  as  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  four 
ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces;  Potassium 
Iodide,  three  ounces.  Make  into  twenty-four  powders 
and  place  one  powder  in  feed  two  or  three  times  daily ; 
or  make  into  twenty-four  capsules  and  give  one  capsule 
two  or  three  times  a  day  with  capsule  gun. 


ANTHRAX 

Anthrax  is  a  very  contagious  disease  and  is  com- 
municable to  all  warm  blooded  animals  and  man. 

Cai'se:  Due  to  the  presence  of  a  germ  called  the 
Bacillus  of  Anthrax  and  is  one  of  the  oldest  diseases 
attributed  to  germs.  These  Bacilli  thrive  in  warm 
climates,  although  found  in  cold  countries.  The  infec- 
tion is  carried  to  various  parts  of  the  world  by  box-cars, 
ships,  hides,  hoofs,  horns,  wool  and  hair  taken  from  sick 
or  dead  animals  affected  with  Anthrax.  This,  perhaps, 
is  the  most  common  method  of  spreading  the  disease. 

Symptoms:  Loss  of  appetite,  grinding  of  the  teeth 
indicating  great  pain,  trembling  of  the  muscles,  tem- 
perature elevated  to  104°  or  106°  F.,  breathing  very 
rapid,  pulse  fast  and  weak,  hair  rough.    There  are  some 


11 


92 


THE  VETERINABIAN 


I 


cases  where  the  animals  are  seized  quickly  with  the 
disease  and  die  very  suddenly.  This  form  resemhles 
apoplexy.  Carbuncles  or  Abscesses  are  seen  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  body  in  nearly  all  cases,  also  a  bloody  dis- 
charge from  the  mouth  and  nose.  The  animal  may 
stamp  the  ground,  rear  in  the  air,  run  and  finally  go  into 
convulsions  and  die.  This  is  termed  '  the  furious  form 
of  Anthrax." 

Treatment:  Prevention  is  tl  •  most  important. 
Fields  or  pastures  that  are  infected  with  this  disease 
should  be  burned  every  summer  if  possible,  to  destroy 
the  germs.  The  animals  that  succumb  to  the  disease 
should  be  buried  deeply  and  quicklime  thrown  upon 
them,  also  any  blood  stains  upon  the  ground  should  have 
a  strong  disinfectant  thrown  upon  them.  The  hide  of 
such  an  animal  should  not  l)e  used  as  the  person  remov- 
ing it  is  likeh'  to  contract  the  same  disease,  especially 
if  an  abrasion  is  present  on  the  hand,  or  such  a  hide  or 
any  portion  thereof  is  likely  to  spread  the  infection  after 
reaching  the  tannery,  etc. 

Medical  Treatjtext  or  Serum  Treatment:  This  is 
the  only  thorough  method  of  eradicating  the  disease,  and 
when  this  disease  once  becomes  prevalent  in  a  locality 
the  services  of  a  competent  Veterinarian  should  be  se- 
cured and  all  the  animals  inoculated. 


BARRENNESS 

(Failure  to  BiPed) 

Cause  :  "Wasting  or  Atrophy,  chronic  inflammation  of 
the  muco  IS  membrane  lining  the  organs  of  generation, 
Whites,  absence  or  excessive  secretions  of  the  organs 
of  generation,  contraction  or  displacement  of  the  womb, 
horns  being  telescoped  or  twisted,  cysts  or  growths  of 
the  ovaries,  in-breeding  or  being  a  twin,  are  the  prxlis- 
posing  causes  of  Barrenness. 

^  .eatmext  :  Unsuccessful  as  a  rule.  Unless  the  cow 
is  /ery  valuable,  treatment  is  not  advisable.    A  careful 


•idtak 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


93 


examination,  however,  is  recommended.  If  due  to  con- 
traction of  the  neck  of  the  womb  it  can  be  readily  dilated 
by  the  use  of  the  hand,  after  being  greased  with  Car- 
bolated  Sweet  Oil  before  attempting  to  perform  the  oper- 
ation.   

BLACK   LEG 

(Symptomatic  Anthrax — Black  Quarter) 
Cause:  Due  to  germs.  The  Bacillus  of  Black  Leg 
perhaps  gains  entrance  to  the  blood  by  wounds  of  the 
skin  or  the  mucous  membranes  lining  the  mouth  and  the 
intestines.  This  disease  principally  affects  cattle,  al- 
though sheep  and  goats  may  become  affected  with  the 
same  disease. 

Symptoms:  This  disease  affects  cattle  that  are  in 
good  condition  between  the  ages  of  six  months  and  two 
years.  In  move  cases  death  is  very  sudden,  and  perhaps 
the  animal  is  lound  dead.  The  first  sjnnptoms  are  high 
temperatures  from  104°  to  108°  F.,  loss  of  appetite,  the 
animal  stops  che\nng  the  cud,  breathing  considerably 
hurried,  the  joints  of  the  limbs  become  swollen,  also  the 
chest  and  bhoulders.  All  the  swellings  are  painful  on 
pressure  and  spread  very  rapidly  over  die  body.  The 
affected  animals  move  with  great  difficulty  and  lie  down 
freque  itly.  If  the  hand  is  passed  over  the  body,  there 
is  a  peculiar  crackling  sound  due  to  the  gas  developing 
under  the  skin.  At  the  most  distended  portions  of  the 
swellings,  the  skin  becomes  dry  and  the  animal  apparent- 
ly has  no  sense  of  feeling.  If  the  skin  is  punctured  at 
this  place,  there  will  be  a  dark-red,  frothy  discharge 
which  has  a  very  disagreeable  odor.  There  will  be  a 
shivering  of  the  muscles  and  the  animal  dies  fror^  con- 
vulsions. 

Treatment:  Remove  non-affected  animals  to  non-in- 
fected pastures,  and  confine  affected  animals  to  as  small 
a  territory  as  possible.  The  carcasses  of  the  dead  ani- 
mals should  be  buried  deep  and  covered  with  lime  or 
burned,  being  very  careful  that  all  blood  stains  on  the 


94 


THE  VETERINARIAN 


ground  where  the  animals  have  been  skinned  are 
thoroughly  disinfected.  Inoculation  is  necessary,  and  is 
the  h.  A  form  of  treatment  in  localities  where  Black  Leg 
exists.  Inoculate  or  vaccinate  the  calves  whfu  six 
months  old  or  over,  although  after  the  animal  reaches 
the  age  of  two  years  or  over  they  generally  become  im- 
mune from  this  disease. 


BLEEDING 
(Hemorrhage) 

CaUSe:  Sometimes  bleeding  follows  dehorning,  cas- 
tration, and  wounds  due  to  various  other  causes. 

Treatment:  When  bleeding  from  a  large  artery,  it 
should  be  tied  with  a  clean  silk  or  linen  thread  or  twisted 
Avitli  a  pair  of  forceps  or  cauterized  with  a  hot  iron. 
Sometimes  compression  by  the  use  of  tightly  bound 
bandages  proves  effective,  although  the  former  appli- 
ances are  more  practical.  Tincture  Chloride  of  Iron  ap- 
plied to  small  arteries  or  veins  causes  the  blood  to  clot 
in  the  arteries  or  veins  and  hence  stops  the  Hemorriiage. 
It  is  very  essential  that  all  wounds  should  Ix^  treated 
antiseptically  and  I  cannot  ^ay  tliat  I  favor  washing  a 
wound  with  water  only  in  cases  wliere  the  wound  is  very 
filthy,  and  I  prefer  powder  applications  in  preference  to 
any  ovher  antiseptics.  The  following  will  be  found  very 
effective  in  ilio  treatment  of  the  majority  of  wounds: 
Boracic  Acid,  two  ounces;  Iodoform,  two  drams;  Tan- 
nic Acid,  one-half  ounce;  Calomel,  one  dram.  Powder 
finely  and  mix  well.  Place  in  sifter  top  can  and  apply 
two  or  three  times  dailv. 


BLOATING 

A  very  common  disorder  in  cattle  and  characterized 
by  a  puffed  up  appearance  of  the  left  flank.  The  cow 
has  four  stoma  lis  of  which  the  rumen  is  the  largest, 
its  capacity  being^  about  fifty  gallons  in  tlie  average  cow, 


^Jk^iim^ 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


95 


aii'^  it  is  this  stoma^^h  which  fills  with  gas  when  a  cow 
bloats. 

Cause:  Eating  green  clover  or  alfalfa;  even  when  a 
cow  is  accustomed  to  this  diet,  it  may  cause  bloating  if 
wet  with  dew  or  rain;  cured  alfalfa,  moldy  or  frozen 
mangles  will  also  produce  bloating;  the  above  mentioned 
foods  undergo  a  process  of  fermentation  which  causes 
excessive  formation  of  gas,  and  death  may  result  very 
quickly  and  may  be  due  to  rupture  of  the  stomach  or  the 
diaphragm  (muscle  separating  the  abdominal  and  lung 
cavities),  but  is  more  often  due  to  suffocation  caused 
by  the  distension  of  the  stomach  which  becomes  so  large 
that  it  presses  the  diaphragm  forward  against  the  lungs 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  stop  their  movement  and  the  ani- 
mal smothers.  When  the  cow  falls,  it  indicates  that  one 
of  these  possibilities  has  occurred  and  death  frllows 
quickly. 

Gymptoms:  Cattle  usually  bloat  suddenly  and  with- 
out warning;  the  left  flank  becomes  abnormally  swollen; 
back  is  arched,  breathing  labored;  sometimes  the  tongue 
hangs  out  and  the  animal  bellows.  When  rupture  or 
suffocation  occurs  the  animal  reels,  staggers,  and  falls, 
after  which  ncthing  mci'e  can  be  done. 

Treatmf.xt:  No  time  should  be  lost.  Where  the 
stomach  is  enormously  distended  with  gas  so  as  to  cause 
the  animals  to  stagger  and  breathe  very  rapidly,  they 
should  be  gagged.  This  can  be  easily  accomplishecl  by 
taking  a  piece  of  wood  about  two  inches  m  diameter,  and 
eight  inclies  to  one  foot  long,  placing  it  in  their  mouth 
and  retaining  it  in  that  position  by  tying  a  string  on  each 
end  and  placing  it  back  of  the  oars.  If  this  does  not  give 
relief  immediately,  puncture  the  left  flank  about  five 
inches  downward  and  forward  from  the  angle  df  hip  bone. 
However,  puncturing  should  not  be  resorted  to  only  in 
eases  where  death  threatens  the  animal,  as  abscesses, 
infection  and  severe  hauorrhage  may  follow.  A  very 
reliable  medical  treatment  for  this  condition  should  be 


III! 


I' 

I'J 


m 


96 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


in  the  medicine  chest  of  every  stockman,  such  as  Pulv. 
Asafetida,  Oil  of  Turpentine,  each  one  ounce.  Place  in 
gelatin  capsules.  This  is  a  very  efficient  remedy  for  the 
eradication  of  excessive  fermentation  of  gases  in  the 
stomach  or  bloating.        

BLOOD   POISON 

(Pyem  ia — Sept  Icaemia) 

Cause:  Due  to  a  septic  infection  taken  into  the  blood, 
frequently  found  in  cows  with  retained  afterbirths,  fol- 
lowing inflanmiation  of  the  womb  or  intestines,  wounds 
and  bruises  of  the  skin  and  frequently  found  in  calves 
affected  with  Joint  111. 

Symptoms:  High  temperature  103°  to  107°  F.,  pulse 
rapid  and  feeble,  breatliing  increased,  grinding  of  the 
teeth,  the  animal  refuses  to  eat  in  most  cases  and  ceases 
to  chew  the  cud,  althou'jfh  tliere  may  be  great  thirst 
present  Abscesses  ma^  form  in  various  parts  of  the 
body,  the  membranes  of  the  eyes  and  mouth  will  be  in- 
jected with  blood,  giving  them  a  dark-red  appearance, 
although  in  the  latter  stages  of  Blood  Poison  this  may 
change  to  a  yellowish  tinge.  Constipation  or  Diarrhoea 
may  be  connected  with  the  disease.  The  animal  dies  by 
general  emaciation  from  four  to  six  days  after  the  first 
sjmptoms  are  noticed. 

TuEATMEXT :  Unsucccssful,  as  when  the  infection  once 
becomes  absorbed  in  the  blood  it  is  always  certain  that 
death  will  follow.  If  due  to  injuries  or  wounds,  wash 
them  with  Bichloride  solution,  one  part  to  one  thousand 
parts  of  water,  but  if  due  to  retained  afterbirth  or  in- 
flammation of  the  womb,  inject  one  gallon  of  distilled 
water  containing  five  per  cent  Carbolic  Acid.  If  in  young 
calves,  treat  the  same  as  under  the  heading  of  Joint  111. 
If  due  to  inflammation  of  the  intestines,  give  Hyposul- 
phite of  Soda,  two  ounces;  Potassi  Iodide,  one  dram, 
two  or  three  times  a  day  in  their  drinking  water.  When 
abscesses  form,  lance  them  with  a  clean,  sharp  knife.    If 


il  1 


.jdlii 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


97 


the  animal  is  constipated  place  two  drams  of  Aloin,  two 
drams  of  Pulv.  Gentian  Root  in  a  capsule  and  give  with 
capsule  gun.  If  Diarrhoea  is  present  give  Gum  Catechu, 
two  drams ;  Protan,  three  drams ;  Zinc  Sulphocarbolates, 
one  grain.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  cap- 
sule gun.  Feed  warm  wheat  bran  mashes,  steamed 
rolled  oats,  vegetables  and  green  grass,  if  possible. 


BLOODY   FLUX 

(Dysfutenj) 

Cause:  Chilling  of  the  outer  surface  of  the  body. 
Improper  feeding,  as  co  '  *ed  food  or  water,  some- 
times connected  with  p-  diseases  of  the  intestines. 

Symptoms:    Dysente  Igu  of  some  irritation  of 

the  intestines  terininat=n„  ..^..o  inc  ased  contractions  of 
muscular  fibers  of  the  bowels.  The  fecal  matter,  if  fre- 
quently expelled,  at  first  consists  of  a  thick  feces,  but 
as  the  disease  progresses  the  fecal  matter  becomes  very 
thin  and  watery  and  tinged  with  blood  and  very  of- 
fensive. When  the  first  signs  are  noticed  the  animals 
show  no  constitutional  disturbances,  but  later  they  ex- 
hibit abdominal  pain  by  looking  around  to  the  flank.  At 
this  stage  they  are  very  weak,  throwing  the  feet  well  to- 
gether, giving  the  back  an  arched  appearance,  and  are 
very  uneasy  although  they  may  lie  down  frequently. 
Temperature  elevated  from  one  to  three  degrees.  The 
animal  becomes  emaciated  and  eventually  dies. 

Treatment:  Determine  the  cause  and  remove  it  if 
possible.  Keep  the  animal  quiet.  Give  pure  water  to 
drink  in  small  quantities  but  often.  If  the  animal  will 
eat,  feed  steamed  rolled  oats,  etc.  Flaxseed  tea  is  very 
beneficial,  as  it  is  soothing  to  the  intestines  and  assists 
in  removing  the  irritations.  Pour  -^ne  quart  of  boiling 
water  on  one-half  pint  of  pure  Flaxseed,  allowing  it  to 
cool,  then  compel  the  animal  to  drink  it.  The  follow- 
ing prescription  will  be  found  very  effective  in  all  forms 


I  I 


!1 

i 


1>8 


THE  \'et?:kinakiax 


1      'i 


(»f  Diarrhoea:  Tannic  Acid,  one  ounce;  Protan,  two 
ounces;  Gum  Catechu,  two  ounces;  Beecliwood  Creosote, 
four  scrupK's;  Zinc  Sulphocarholates,  eight  grains. 
Mak  into  eight  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  every 
tliree  or  four  liours  Avith  capsule  gun. 


Dairy  JIerd  at  Oaki.awx  Farm,  V.'ayxe,  Ti  i  s.     (;r)rxiiA.MS.) 
BLOODY    MILK 

Cavse:  Bloody  Milk  may  be  the  result  of  injury,  cou- 
.yestion,  inflammation  of  the  udder.  Feeding  Jn  rich 
niilk-produeing  food  suddenly  iiuiy  ]»roduoe  it.  Bloody 
^filk  is  also  jtroduced  in  a  cow  by  excitement  when  in 
heat  or  from  eating  resinous  plants  or  shrubs. 

Trkataiext:  It  is  advisabh'  in  most  cases  to  give  a 
physic  consisting  of  two  drams  ot  Aloin  and  Ginger 
two  drams.  Also  administer  Potassium  Nitrate,  four 
ounces:  Potassium  Chlorate,  two  ounces,  made  into  eight 
capsuh's  and  give  one  capsule  twice  daily  with  capsule 
•^niii.     If  due  to  rich  food,  reduce  it.     If  due  to  eating 


I  -f 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


99 


resinous  plants,  remove  them  from  the  pasture  eoiitam- 
iug  such  shrubbery.  Where  congestion  or  inilanimatiou 
of  the  bag  is  thought  to  produce  it,  apply  Hot  Water 
Packs,  then  dry  and  apply  Bhie  Ointment  and  Cam- 
phorated Ointment,  equal  parts,  two  ounces.  Mix  well 
and  rub  on  thoroughly  two  or  three  times  a  day. 

BLUE   MILK 

Cause:  This  condition  is  due  to  a  germ  (the  Bacillus 
Cyanogenes)  which  may  occur  in  rich  milk  or  cream 
immediately  after  being  drawn  cr  the  germ  may  tind 
its  way  into  tlie  opening  of  the  teat. 

Treatment.  Injections  into  the  teat  of  a  solution 
composed  of  the  following:  H) posulphite  of  Soda,  two 
drams;  Boracic  Acid,  one  dram,  dissolved  in  one  pint  of 
boiling  water.  Peiniit  to  cool  and  inject  a  small  quan- 
titv  in  each  teat  once  or  twice  a  day  for  three  or  four 
days.  This  will  destroy  the  Blue  Milk  producing  germ 
without  any  injuries  to  the  cow,  udder  or  teats. 

BRONCHITIS 

Cause:  Inhaling  irritating  gases  or  ^•■•reign  bodies. 
It  is  commonly  seen  after  drenching  from  liquid  escap- 
ing' into  the  windpipe  instead  of  going  down  tV  ^  guli-'t. 
Animals  exposed  to  cold,  wet  weather  when  not  accus- 
tomed to  it  frequently  develop  Bronchitis. 

Symptoms:    Loss   of  appetite,   chilling,  temperature 
elevated  two  or  three  degrees  a^ove  normal,  ears  and 
legs  cold,  nose  hot  and  dry,  breathing  short  and  labored 
painful  coughing,  slight  discharge  from  the  nostrds  an. 
saliva   oozing  from  the  mouth.     If  the  ear   is   placed 
over  the  lower  portion  of  the  neck,  a  crepitating  somd 

can  be  heard. 

Treatvfnt  :  Place  the  animal  in  a  clean,  comfortable 
stall  where  there  is  pure  air  and  light  but  no  drafts. 
Clothe  the  bodv  if  the  weather  is  cold.  Hand  rub  t-.o 
legs  and  bandage  with  woolen  cloths.    Give  inhalations 


m 


KK) 


THE   VETERIXARIAX 


of  steam  from  Hot  Wuter  and  Pim>  Tar  for  twenty  min- 
utes two  or  three  times  u  tlay.  Also  administer  Nii\ 
^'omi{•a,  four  ounces;  Ginger,  four  ounces;  Nitrate  of 
Potash,  four  ounces.  Make  into  sixteen  capsules  and 
give  one  capsule  every  four  hours.  Applications  of  the 
following  liniment  are  of  some  value :  Aqua  Ammonia 
Fort.,  three  ounces;  Oil  of  Turpentine,  three  ounces; 
Sweet  Oil,  six  ounces.  Apply  over  the  region  of  the 
windpipe  the  full  length  of  the  neck. 


CALF    SCOURS 

(Cholera — White  Scours — Bloody  Flux) 
Cai'se:  It  is  produced  hy  a  specific  germ  and  is  com- 
nnmicated  by  direct  or  indirect  contact  with  the  germ 
which  may  gain  entrance  into  the  blood  by  the  umbilical 
cord  at  or  shortly  after  biitli  or  through  the  digestive 
canal  by  drinking  milk  or  eating  food  contaminated 
with  the  disease-producing  irerm.  The  more  common 
means  of  spreading  the  disease  is  through  ails,  drink- 
irsr  troughs,  etc. 

Symptoms:  One  of  the  most  deadly  forms  of  Diar- 
rhoea. This  usually  appears  a  few  days  after  birth,  al- 
though in  some  cases  .t  takes  several  days  for  it  to  de- 
velop. Every  sign  of  Diarrhoea  is  present,  as  frequent 
passages  of  feces  of  a  yellowish-white  color,  frothy  and 
very  offensive  in  odor.  The  calf  is  very  dull,  weak,  back 
arched,  hair  rough,  eyes  glassy  and  sunken  back  in  their 
sockets,  belly  retracted,  breathing  short  and  fast.  The 
calf  finally  lies  flat  on  the  side,  head  resting  on  the  floor 
or  ground  with  a  ter  perature  generally  below  normal. 
The  calf  finally  become.,  unconscious  and  death  follows. 
Treatment:  Give  Protan,  three  ounces;  Zinc  Sulpho- 
carbolates,  eight  grains;  Gum  Catechu,  powdered,  two 
ounces:  Ginger,  one  ounce;  Beech  wood  Creosote,  one 
dram.  Make  into  eight  capsul''  and  give  one  capsule 
every  two  hours  until  reliever'  'X\\ox\  the  calf  will  take 
its  feed,  if  not  nursing  its  mother,  see  thist  the  milk  is 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


101 


pure  and  the  utensil  containing  it  thoroughly  scaldt'd 
with  hot  water.  Keep  the  an'nml  in  cleai'.  san!  <ny 
(jnartera,  as  quiet  as  possible  for  a  few  day^,  .nd  th*' 
disease  is  not  too  far  advanced  a  good  recovciy  wUl 

follow.  

CALVING 
Signs  of  Normal  Calving  are  firmness  and  enlargement 
of  the  udder,  extending  well  forward  following  the  mdk 
veins.    The  teats  as  a  rule  discharge  a  thin  milky  fluid, 
relaxation  of  the  muscles  on  each  side  of  the  croup  or 
the  base  of  the  tail.    The  outer  surface  of  the  womb  !«- 
romes  swollen  and  inflamed,  discharging  sticky,  strnig>-, 
transparent  nmcus.    The  cow  becomes  uneasy,  stops  .-at- 
ing,  and  if  in  a  pasture  becomes  separated  from  the  n-st 
of  the  herd;  will  lie  down  and  get  up  alternately  as  if  i 
great  agony.    When  birth  pains  start  the  back  is  arch, 
and  a  severe  straining  follows  the  contraction  of  the 
abdominal  muscles.    The  membranes  covering  the  foetus 
will  be  the  first  to  mak<'  their  appearance,  engorged  with 
a  fluid  from  the  womb.    This  is  commonly  known  as  the 
water  bag,  which  eventually  bursts  and  the  two  fore  feet 
can  be  seen,  and,  as  the  animal  continues  to  strain,  the 
nose  and  head  will  be  next  to  be  seen.    When  the  calf's 
shoulders  are  exposed,  the  cow  as  a  rule  rises  suddenly 
to  her  feet  and  ilie  entire  calf  is  .  xpelled,  also  the  mem- 
])ranes  surrounding  it,  but  the  membranes  next  to  the 
womb,  as  a  general  rule,  remain  longer  and  sometimes 
require  artificial  assistance  to  remove  them.     (See  Re- 
tention of  the  Afterbirth.)      Destroy   the   foetal   mem- 
branes by  bii-ning  or  burying  them  deeply.    Do  not  per- 
mit the  cow  to  eat  them.    Wash  the  ealf 's  navel  with 
Bichloride  of  Mercury,  one  part  to  one  thousand  parts 
water,  once  or  twice  a  day  until  the  navel  is  thorouijhly 
dry,  as  an  infection  may  follow,  producing  Joint  III  or 
Scours,  from  which  death  may  result. 
Abnormal  Calving:    This  is  a  condition  where  the 


I 


;     I 


102 


Til K    VETEKI X ARIAN 


foetus  is  not  normally  presented,  as  that  just  described. 
Their  feet  may  be  presented  in  a  normal  manner,  but 
the  head  and  neck  twisted  back  or  to  one  side,  or  the 
head  and  one  fore  foot  may  be  presented  normally,  whik' 
the  other  fore  foot  is  doubled  back,  or  there  may  be  a 
breech  presentation  as  the  rump  of  a  foetus  with  botli 
hind  feet  thrown  close  to  its  body.  This  is  a  very  diffi- 
cult presentation,  especially  if  in  a  young  animal.  A 
foetus  abnormally  presented  requires  good  judgment 
and  cleanliness,  also  lubrication  of  tlie  walls  of  the  womb 
with  unsalted  Lard,  Cotton  or  Sweet  Oil.  Endeavor  to 
place  the  foetus  in  as  near  a  normal  position  as  possi- 
ble before  any  force  is  used  in  its  delivery,  although 
where  both  hind  feet  are  presented,  it  is  advisable  to  re- 
move it  in  this  position.  The  hands  and  ropes  should  be 
clean  and  washed  with  a  five  per  cent  solution  of  Oarboli(^ 
Acid.  It  is  not  only  dangerous  to  the  animal,  but  to  tlie 
operator  as  well,  if  proper  antiseptic  precautions  are  not 
practiced. 

Space  does  not  permit  me  going  into  details  on  various 
foetal  presentations  nor  does  it  ])ermit  me  to  explain  the 
exact  methods  or  operations  I  would  use  in  each  par- 
ticular case.  Nevertheless,  good  judgment  and  cleanli- 
iiess  are  important.  Do  not  hurry.  Take  your  time,  and 
you  will  be  successful  in  most  cases. 

When  the  foetus  is  removed,  and  the  afterbirth  does 
not  come  away  within  twelve  or  eighteen  hours,  remove 
it.  (See  Retention  of  Afterbirth,  which  will  describe  its 
means  of  attachment  and  its  removal.) 


CASTING   THE   WITHERS 

(L'version  of  the  Womb) 
Cause:  Failure  of  the  womb  to  contract  after  Calv- 
ing. If  the  womb  contracts  naturally  and  the  afterbirth 
expelled,  the  cavity  of  the  wonib  is  nearly  closed  and 
the  neck  of  the  woml)  becomes  so  narrow  that  the  hand 
cannot  ]<i-  inserted.     W'lieu  the  womb  fails  to  contract. 


iu 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


103 


one  or  both  horns  of  the  womb  become  so  relaxed  that 
they  fall  into  the  cavity  causing  straining  and  contraction 
of  the  abdominal  muscles,  forcing  the  womb  out  grad- 
ually until  the  organ  is  turned  inside  out.  The  womb 
can  be  easily  distinguished  from  the  other  membranes 
on  account  of  the  presence  of  sixty  to  eighty  mushroom- 
like bodies  (cotyledons)  two  to  four  inches  in  diameter 
attached  to  the  walls  of  the  womb  by  a  narrow  neck. 
The  womb  when  hanging  out  becomes  engorged  with 
blood  and  inflamed  until  it  is  as  large  as  a  grain  sack, 
very  dark  in  color,  tears  and  bleeds  with  the  slightest 
touch.    Later  it  becomes  lacerated  and  ganMienous. 

Symptoms:  At  first,  the  general  health  is  not  very 
much  interfered  with,  but  the  inflammation  which  is 
marked  by  an  elevation  in  temperature  becomes  very 
noticeable,  accompanied  by  severe  straining  and  exhaus- 
tion. The  animal  lies  down,  but  continues  to  strain  until 
death,  unless  relief  is  afforded  the  animal  at  once. 

Treatmext:    Great    care    must    be    exercised.      The 
parts  of  the  womb  coming  in  contact  with  the  cow's  laps, 
tail  or  floors  must  l)e  thoroughly  washed  with  a  five  per 
cent  solution  of  Carbolic  Acid,  using   a   soft   cloth   or 
sponge  to  remove  dirt,  clots,  etc.    Place  the  cow  in  a  posi- 
tion so  as  to  have  her  hind  quarters  much  higher  than 
the  head,  and  then  endeavor  to  replace  the  womb.    After 
washing  as  stated  above,  bandage  the  tail  with  a  clean 
cloth ;  have  an  assistant  hold  up  the  womb  and  the  opera- 
tor use  gentle  m.-mipulation  and  pressure  with  clean 
hands:  this  perhaps  is  the  best  method  of  replacing  the 
womb.'    Then  follow  by  flushing  out  the  womb  witli  a 
weak  Carbolic  Acid  solution  and  hike  warm  water.    This 
has  a  tendencv  to  straighten  out  the  horns  of  the  uteriis 
and  prevent  infection.    If  the  cow  continues  to  strain, 
give  Potassium  Bromide  in  ounce  doses  every  two  or 
three  hours  in  her  drinking  water,  or  place  in  capsule 
and  give  with  capsule  gun. 

Sometimes  stimulants  and  tonics  are  necessarj'  and 


t 


. 


104 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


li 


the  following  will  be  found  very  effective:  Pulv.  Nux 
Vomica,  four  ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces; 
Pulv.  Ferri  Sulphate,  four  ounces.  Make  into  sixteen 
capsules  and  give  one  capsule  every  six  hours  with  cap- 
sule gun. 

It  is  well  to  compel  the  animal  to  stand  or  lie  with 
the  hind  parts  elevated,  until  the  signs  of  straining  have 

ceased.  

CATARACT   OF   THE  EYE 

Cause  :  Is  due  to  deep  seated  inflammation  of  the  eye 
produced  by  an  injurj'  or  weakened  condition  of  the  optic 
nerve. 

Symptoms:  If  the  pupil  of  one  of  the  eyes  appears 
larger  than  the  other  it  is  well  to  make  a  careful  ex- 
amination, as  this  is  the  first  sign  of  Cataract.  ,If  such 
a  condition  is  neglected,  partial  or  complete  blindness 
will  follow  and  a  white,  pearly  deposit  can  be  seen  on 
the  lens  of  the  eye. 

Treatment:  Very  unsatisfactory  unless  treated  care- 
fully when  tlie  first  signs  are  noticed.  Place  the  anima! 
in  a  darkened  stable.  Feed  clean,  sloppy  food  and  it 
may  be  necessary  to  give  a  physic  consisting  of  two 
drams  of  Aloin,  two  drams  of  Pulv.  Ginger,  placed  in  a 
capsule  and  given  with  capsule  gun.  The  following  oint- 
ment, Yellow  Oxide  of  Mercury,  four  grains;  Lanolin, 
one  ounce,  should  be  mixed  well  and  applied  to  the  eye 
two  or  three  times  a  day. 


CATARRH 

Cause:  111  ventilated  stables,  inhalations  of  irritating 
gases  or  sudden  exposure  to  cold,  wet  weather,  after 
being  accustomed  to  warm  stables.  Most  commonly  seen 
in  the  Spring  or  Fall. 

Symptoms  :  Chilling  and  temperature  elevated  one  or 
two  degrees,  pulse  not  much  affected,  breathing  hurried 
to  some  extent,  sneezing,  coughing,  dullness  and  the  ap- 
petite is  slightly  impaired.    In  the  first  stages  the  nos- 


11  ul^ 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


105 


trils  are  very  dry  and  considerably  inflamed,  but  in  the 
course  of  a  few  days  the  fever  subsides  and  a  profuse 
discharge  from  the  nose  is  observed. 

Treatment  :  Place  the  animal  in  dry,  well  ventilated 
stall,  blanket  well  and  supply  a  good  quality  and  quantity 
of  bedding.  Give  inhalations  from  steam  and  hot  water 
and  Pine  Tar.  If  the  animal  is  constipated,  give  rectal 
injections  of  Soap  and  Warm  Water  two  or  three  times  a 
day.  Also  administer  Potassium  Nitrate,  Pulv.  Nux 
Vomica,  each  four  ounces;  Capsicum,  two  ounces,  and 
Pulv.  Ginger  two  ounces.  Make  into  twenty-four  cap- 
sules and  give  one  capsule  three  or  four  times  a  day.  This 
should  not  be  neglected,  as  neglected  Catarrh  is  liable  to 
be  followed  by  Laryngitis,  Bronchitis,  Pneumonia,  Pleu- 
risy or  other  diseases  of  the  organs  of  breathing,  which 
are  very  serious  and  sometimes  cause  the  death  of  the 

animal.  

CHAPPED  TEATS 

Cause  :  Anything  that  tends  to  irritate  them.  A  sud- 
dei  chilling  of  the  teat  in  cold  weather  after  the  calf 
has  just  let  it  go,  or  after  the  operation  of  milking  with 
wet  hands  or  from  an  animal  wading  through  deep  water 
or  tall  wet  grass.  Also  filth  or  irritants  coming  in  con- 
tact with  teats  wlien  lying  down. 

Treatment:  Remove  the  cause  if  possible  and  dry 
the  teats  well  after  each  milking  and  apply  Zinc  Oxide 
ointment.  Feed  laxative  food  that  is  easily  digested, 
as  it  has  a  very  good  effect  on  the  blood,  consequently 
it  promotes  the  healing  of  wounds. 


CHOKING 

(OhstrudioH  of  the  Esophagus) 
Cause  :    An  obstruction  of  the  Esophagus  (gullet)  pro- 
duced by  an  animal  attempting  to  swallow  apples,  pota- 
toes, roots,  dry  grain,  etc. 

Symptoms:    A  stringy  discharge  of  saliva  from  the 


tl 


106 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


m 


II 


!   '*i 


mouth,  violent  coughing,  wrenching  of  the  head  and  neck. 
The  animal  will  bloat  very  qrir-kly  if  the  Esophagus  or 
gullet  is  completely  obstructed. 

Trjatment:  The  obstruction  as  a  rule  is  easily  lo- 
cated, and  as  quickly  as  possible  withdraw  the  obstruc- 
tion by  inserting  the  hand  and  extracting  the  object.  Do 
not  attempt  to  push  the  object  down  into  the  storaacli, 
except  as  a  last  resort,  as  there  is  a  great  deal  of  danger 
of  rupturing  the  Esophagus  or  gullet.  Push  the  object 
upward  by  gentle  manipulation  from  the  outside.  If  this 
fails,  a  smooth  piece  of  hose  about  eight  or  nine  feet  long, 
well  greased  with  Lard,  Butter  or  Oil,  should  be  passed 
down  the  Esophagus  or  gullet.  A  block  of  wood  about 
two  inches  in  diainoter  with  a  hole  bored  through  the 
center  just  a  little  larger  than  the  hose,  placed  in  the 
mouth,  will  prevent  the  animal  from  biting  the  hose,  and 
make  the  operation  easier. 

AMien  the  animal  is  bloated  severely,  puncture  with  a 
knife  about  four  or  five  inches  from  the  point  if  the  hip 
downward  and  forward. 


CHRONIC   DYSENTERY 
(Bacterial  Dysentery — Jones  Disease) 

Cause  :  Acid-fast  Bacillus  resembling  the  Tubercular 
Bacillus  that  invade  the  intestines  by  the  way  of  the 
animal  drinking  water  or  eating  food  containing  the 
Acid-fast  Bacteria. 

Symptoms  :  Diarrhoea,  loss  of  flesh,  although  the  ap- 
petite is  good,  hair  becomes  dry  and  harsh,  temperature 
remains  about  normal.  The  Diarrhoea  becomes  persist- 
ent and  tinged  with  blood.  The  animal  becomes  ema- 
ciated and  anemic,  exhausted,  and  death  follows.  T'his 
disease  may  continue  for  a  month  or  even  a  year  l)efore 
death  takes  place.  However  this  is  very  uncommon. 
They  generally  die  verA'  shortly. 

Treatment  :     Separate  the   atfected  cattle  from  the 


*  ^mksk 


mmmm 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


107 


healthy  ones.  All  fecai  matter  should  be  deeply  buried 
or  burned,  the  stalls,  barnyards,  also  thoroughly  cisin- 
fected.  Administration  of  medicine  thus  far  has  been 
unsatisfactory,  although  a  treatment  should  be  directed 
toward  the  intestines  with  internal  antiseptics  such  as 
Zinc  Sulphocarbolates,  one  and  one-half  grains ;  Protan, 
three  drams ;  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  one  dram ;  Bismuth  Sub- 
nitrate,  one  dram.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with 
capsule  gun.  This  dose  should  be  repeated  three  or  four 
times  a  day.  Feed  a  good  quality  of  food,  such  as  wheat 
bran  mashes  or  steamed  rolled  oats  and  see  that  the 
water  supply  is  fresh  and  non-contaminated. 


COLIC 

Cause  :  Drinking  large  quantities  of  cold  water  when 
overheated.  However,  this  disorder  is  very  uncommon 
in  cattle  owing  to  the  fact  that  they  aie  not  v  orked,  seldom 
overheated  and  drink  water  very  slowly. 

Symptoms  :  Kicking  or  raising  of  the  feet  to  the  belly. 
Lying  down  and  getting  up  alternately.  Distention  of 
the  stomach  or  paunch  with  gas.  The  animal  chills  or 
shivers,  etc. 

Treatment:  Strong  stimulants  or  tonics  as  the  fol- 
lowing will  give  immediate  results  if  administered  in  its 
first  stages:  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  two  ounces;  Pulv.  Gin- 
ger, two  ounces ;  Pulv.  Capsicum,  two  ounces.  Make  into 
oiglit  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  every  two  hours 
until  relieved.  Give  the  capsules  with  capsule  gun.  If 
severe  bloating  accompanies  a  case  of  Colic  in  cattle 
place  one  ounce  dose  of  Oil  of  Turpentine  in  ounce  cap- 
sules and  give  with  capsule  gun. 


CONGESTION   OF    THE   LUNGS 
Cause:    Cattle  permitted   to   star  i  in  drafts  when 
warm  aftpr  being  driven,  etc.,  irrila^wig  drugs  escaping 
into  the  lungs  when  drenching,  as  it  is  very  difficult  for 
cattle  to  swallow  when  their  heads  are  elevated. 


if 
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DIls/.ASES   OF   CATTLE 


109 


Symptoms:  Dulhu'ss.  The  animal  loses  its  spirits, 
so  to  speak,  usually  shivers  or  tremble  i.  When  this 
ceases,  tlie  temperature  rises  to  perhaps  105='  or  106°  F. 
The  lar.-:  and  legs  grow  cold,  the  nose  hot  and  dry,  pulse 
rapid  but  firm,  breathing  short  and  labored,  a  short  hack- 
ing cough  will  be  present.  Such  animals  generally  re- 
main standing. 

Other  symptoms  are  constipation,  the  f"ces  covered 
with  mucus  or  a  slime,  great  thirst.  The  eyes  are  in- 
flamed and  look  glassy.  The  secretions  of  milk  are  sup- 
pr<'ss«'d,  if  these  symptoms  develop  in  milkir  g  cov/j. 

Treatment:  Place  the  animal  in  clean,  warm,  com- 
fortable quarters  permitting  light  and  as  much  pure  air 
as  possible,  Imt  avoid  drafts  and  blanket  the  aninml  if 
chilly.  Hand  rub  the  legs  and  bandage  with  woolen 
cloths.  Administer  Pulv.  Carbonate  of  Ammonia,  four 
ounces;  Pulv.  Nux  Vonuca,  three  ounces;  Quinine,  two 
ounces ;  Nitrate  of  Potash,  two  ounces ;  Potassium  Iodide, 
one  ounce.  Make  into  twenty-four  capsules  and  give  one 
capsule  every  four  hours  with  capsule  gun.  Also  apply 
a  paste  made  from  Mustard  and  cold  water  over  the  lun  ; 
cavities  just  back  of  the  fere  legs.  Apply  once  a  day 
and  perhaps  one  or  two  applications  will  be  sufficien* 

If  this  disease  is  treated  when  the  first  symptoms  ue- 
velop,  a  good  recovery  will  follow.  Feed  easily  digested 
food  as  hot  wheat  bran  mashes  or  steamed  rolled  oats, 
vegetables  and  green  grass  if  possible. 


CONTAGIOUS  ABORTION 

(Infectious  Abortion) 
Cause:  Due  to  a  germ  (Bacillus  Abortus)  coming  in 
direct  contact  with  the  genital  organs  of  a  bull  or  cow 
and  can  be  indefinitely  transmitted  from  one  herd  to  an- 
other by  infected  bulls  serving  healthy  cows,  or  infected 
cows  when  served  transmit  the  infection  to  healthy  bulls. 
Healthy  cows  become  infected  by  their  genital  organs 


^;i 


110 


THE   VETERLNAKIAN 


i  s 


coming  in  contact  with  litter  on  Hoors  when  lying  down  or 
rubbing  against  fences,  walls  or  posts  previously  soiled 
l)y  aborting  cows.  Cattle  licking  one  another  is  also  a 
prolific  cause. 

Symptoms:  The  signs  of  calving  are  not  so  well 
marked  as  in  normal  calving,  especially  where  the  abort- 
ing animal  is  a  heifer  and  the  gestation  period  has  not 
exceeded  three  or  four  weeks.  In  cows,  especially  wher(? 
the  gestation  period  h;is  advanced  to  five  or  seven 
months,  the  symptoms  are  easily  detected  as  a  rule  l)y  a 
swelling  of  the  udder,  or  what  is  connnonly  termed  "mak- 
ing bag,"  the  outer  portions  of  the  wom^  swollen  and 
inflamed  as  in  normal  calving.  As  the  period  of  abor- 
tion approaches,  there  will  be  a  discharge  of  mucus  and 
blood  from  the  womb.  Labor  pains  are  not  as  severe  a 
in  nonnal  calving,  owing  to  the  absence  of  hair  on  the 
foetus  and  being  smaller;  although  the  afterbirth  (foetal 
membranes),  may  be  retained  the  same  as  in  normal 
calving. 

Preventive  Treatment:  This  perhaps  is  the  cheap- 
est and  best  method  of  treating  Contagious  Abortion. 
"When  purchasing  bulls  or  cows,  ascertain  vhcther  tlie 
farm  you  purchased  from  has  Contagious  Abortion.  An 
investigation  of  this  kind  often  saves  labor,  time  and 
money. 

Medical  Treatment:  When  once  Contagious  Abor- 
tion r.iakes  its  appearance,  separate  infected  from  non- 
infected  animals,  remove  all  litter,  manure,  etc.,  from 
barns,  corrals,  and  burn  or  burA-  deeply.  The  convey- 
ances used  should  be  tight  so  as  to  prevent  scattering. 
Scrub  and  disinfect  floors,  fences,  walls  of  barns  and  rub- 
bing posts  with  a  solution  made  from  three  pounds  of 
Copper  Sulphate  to  ten  gallons  of  water,  permitting  it 
to  thoroughly  dissolve  before  using.  Use  an  ordinary 
barrel  and  cover  so  as  to  prevent  any  cattle  drinking 
same,  as  it  is  very  poisonous.  "When  a  cow  aborts,  re- 
move the  calf  and  afterbirth  in  a  tight  receptacle  that 


i 


mKgmm 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


111 


will  prevent  any  portion  from  being  scattered,  and  burn 
or  bury  deeply ;  disinfect  the  floor  and  wails  of  stall  where 
the  abortion  took  place  as  long  as  the  cow  is  dischar^ng 
any  fluids  from  the  womb.  A  gallon  of  distilled  or  boiled 
water  containrig  about  one  per  cent  Carbolic  Acid  should 
be  injected  into  the  womb  with  an  ordinary  hose  and 
funnel.  This  should  "be  repeated  once  a  day  for  a  week. 
Use  a  solution  of  the  same  strength  for  washing  the  tail 
and  parts  around  the  outer  part  of  the  womb,  or  in  fact 
any  part  that  the  discharge  of  an  aborting  cow  may  come 
ill  fontact  with. 

Int«'rnaliy,  give  Methylen  Blue  in  thirty  grain  dones, 
every  other  day  for  two  weeks.  This  is  an  exceptionally 
<lisas?reeable  drug  t^  administer  as  it  stains  everything  it 
comes  in  contact  with.  Place  it  in  a  gelatin  capsule  or 
have  your  druggist  prepare  six  or  seven  capsules  contain- 
ing thirty  grains  each.  Then  administer  with  capsule 
>run.  Insist  on  pure  Methylen  Blue,  accept  no  substitute. 
This  treatment  has  proven  very  effective  in  many  lo- 
calities where  strict  aseptic  precauf'^ns  were  carried  out, 
as  washing  out  the  womb  or  any  parts  that  the  discharge 
of  an  aborting  cow  may  come  in  contact  with  and  proper 
cleanliness  and  disinfection  of  stables,  etc.  Cows  should 
not  be  Itred  for  several  weeks  following  abortion  or  as 
long  as  there  is  a  discharge  present.  Bulls  should  be 
t-eated  in  much  the  same  way,  as  administering  Methy- 
len Blue  in  same  size  doses  for  the  same  length  of  time 
as  tliat  of  the  cow.  But  in  addition  to  this,  use  a  one  per 
cent  s(j  ition  of  Carbolic  Acid  for  injecting  into  the  bull 's 
sheath,  holding  the  end  of  the  sheath  while  the  solution  is 
])eing  injected,  until  it  is  well  distended;  holding  the 
opening  of  the  sheath  allowing  the  solution  to  remain  as 
long  as  convenient.  Also,  wash  belly,  muzzle,  etc.,  with 
a  solution  of  the  same  strength. 


112 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


COUGH 

(Acute  and  Chronic) 

As  a  cough  is  a  symptom  of  various  diseases,  thea*- 
in  addition  to  the  cough  should  be  treated. 

Kinds  of  Couoh:  Many  writers  give  several  dif- 
ferent varieties,  but  for  the  sake  of  convenience  I  will 
divide  them  into  two  forms,  namely :    Acute  and  Chronic. 

Cause  :  Acute  coughs  are  generally  due  to  sudden  ex- 
posure to  cold,  drafts  and  are  the  forerunning  symptom 
of  a  disease  of  the  organs  of  breathing. 

Chronic  Coughs  are  associated  with,  and  are  a  result 
of  sore  throat,  lung  fevor,  pleurisy,  bronchitis,  catarrh 
and  tuberculosis. 

Treatment  :  Under  each  disease,  of  which  a  cough  is 
a  symptom,  I  have  also  prescribed  to  include  its  suppres- 
sion. The  following  prescription  is  reasonable  in  price, 
yet  very  effective  in  all  forms  of  cough :  Tannic  Acid, 
one  ounce;  Potassi  Chlorate,  four  ounces;  Potassi  Ni- 
trate, four  ounces.  Powder  well  and  mix  with  Black 
Strap  Molasses,  one  pint,  placing  container  retaining  the 
above  in  hot  water,  which  assists  in  dissolving.  When 
this  is  thoroughly  mixed,  add  Pine  Tar,  one  pint,  and 
place  one  tablespoonful  well  back  on  the  tongue  with  a 
wooden  paddle  every  three  or  four  hours,  according  to 
the  severity  of  the  cough. 

Sometimes  a  liniment  applied  to  the  throat  and  wind- 
pipe has  a  good  effect,  and  I  would  recommend  the  fol- 
lowing on  account  of  its  penetrating  qualities:  Aqua 
Ammonia  Fort.,  two  ounces;  Turpentine,  two  ounces; 
Raw  Linseed  Oil,  four  ounces.  Mix  and  apply  twice 
daily,  shaking  the  contents  of  the  bottle  well  before  using. 


COWPOX 

(Variola) 
Cause:    Investigations  lead  us  to  believe  that  it  is 
due  to  a  protozoa.    So  far,  tbe  true  micro-organism  has 


i    I 


1 


JLmu. 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


113 


not  been  discovered.  This  disease  is  very  contagious  an.l 
is  transmitted  by  direct  communication  but  not  through 
the  air.  Perhaps  the  most  common  way  of  transmitting 
the  disease  is  by  the  hands  of  the  milker. 

Symptoms:  A  slight  raise  in  the  temperature,  espe- 
cially that  of  the  udder  and  teats.  They  are  red,  swol- 
len and  tender  and  after  three  or  four  days  small  pim- 
ples or  pustules  will  appear  on  the  teats  about  the  size  of 
a  pea.  The  pimples  or  pustules  become  larger  and  within 
a  few  days  may  attain  the  size  of  one-half  inch  in  diame- 
ter. At  the  end  of  the  second  week  the  pimples  or  pus- 
tules  burst  and  discharge  an  amber  colored  fluid  leaving 
raw  sores,  which  cause  the  animal  to  suffer  intensely 
when  being  milked.  The  supply  of  milk  is  also  markedly 
decreased  in  this  condition. 

Prevention  :  A  person  should  not  milk  both  healthy 
and  diseased  cows  unless  th.  hands  are  thoroughly 
washed  in  a  Carbolatea  Solution;  the  clothes  that  are 
likely  to  come  in  contact  with  the  udder,  coat  sleeves, 

etc.,  changed. 

Treatment  :  It  is  advisable  to  give  a  physic  as  it  has 
a  very  good  effect  on  the  blood,  such  as  Aloin,  two  drams, 
and  Ginger,  two  drams,  which  is  easily  prepared  and  ad- 
ministered by  placing  in  capsule  and  giving  with  capsule 

gun. 

Also,  the  application  of  Zinc  Ointment  two  or  three 
times  a  day  affords  immediate  relief  and  causes  tin 
sores  to  heal  rapidly.  Good  results  are  also  obtained  by 
feeding  food  that  is  easily  digested,  as  bran  mashes, 
steamed  rolled  oats  and  vegetables. 


CUD    CHEWING 

(Physiology  of  Rumination) 
The  cow  when  eating  grass  or  hay  merely  moistens  it 
with  saliva  and  swallows,  then  it  passes  into  the  rumen 
or  paunch  which  acts  as  a  storehouse  or  reservoir  for 


114  THE   VETERINARIAN 

foo<l.  After  tlio  paunch  or  rumen  is  fillod,  the  cow  fiiuls 
a  comfortable  place  to  staiul  or  lie  down  and  she  regur- 
K'tates  it  into  the  mouth  by  a  contraction  of  the  muscles 
of  the  walls  of  the  esophagus  in  small  quantities  or  pel- 
lets from  the  rumen  or  paunch  back  into  tlu'  mouth  an<l 
is  there  masticated.  When  it  is  chewed  finely  she  swal- 
lows and  it  puSses  into  the  second  stomach  and  is  thero 
digested  for  assimilation. 


DIARRHOEA 

Cai'se:  Giving  rich  succulent  foods  after  being  fed 
on  stimulating  diets  for  some  time,  and  such  a  case  may 
be  a  benerit  to  the  animal  instead  of  an  injury.  Turnips, 
carrots,  etc.,  especially  if  frozen  slightly,  are  apt  to  pro- 
duce it.  Also  impure  and  stagnant  water  which  acts  as 
a  poison  or  .some  irritant  in  the  food,  as  sand,  clay,  etc., 
or  it  may  result  from  excitement,  as  driving  cattle  or 
shipping,'  cattle  in  cars  when  not  accustomed  to  it.  Or, 
it  may  ])e  the  result  of  an  overdose  of  irritating  medi- 
cine's. Diarrhoea  as  a  rule  is  not  fatal.  It  is  often  an 
effort  of  nature  to  relieve  some  disease,  as  poison  in  the 
blood.  The  easiest  way  to  get  rid  of  it  is  by  way  of  the 
bowels. 

Symptoms:  It  is  easily  detected.  An  animal  passes 
large  amounts  of  feces  which  are  of  a  liquid  nature.  At 
first  the  pulse  is  but  little  affected,  but  after  a  day  or 
two  it  becomes  weak  and  slightiy  increased.  If  it  con- 
tinues for  a  few  days  the  pulse  increases,  the  ears  and 
legs  get  colder  than  normal,  there  are  slight  gripping 
pains  in  some  cases  due  to  slight  irritation  or  perhaps 
to  slight  spasm  of  the  intestines.  These  pains  may  in- 
crease and  residt  in  inflammation  of  the  bowels,  espe- 
cially if  the  cause  is  due  to  stagnant  water  or  irritating 
drugs. 

Tbkatmext:  In  many  cases  all  you  have  to  do  is  to 
chang*^  the  food  and  clothe  the  body  according  to  the 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE 


115 


temperature.  Do  not  let  the  animal  drink  large  quantities 
of  water  at  one  time.  Give  pure  water  in  Hinall  quantities, 
but  often,  and  it  may  be  necessary  to  g\\v  nu'dieines. 
Rndeavor  to  find  out  the  cause  and  if  due  to  some  irritant 
in  the  mtestines,  prepare  Flaxseed  tea  by  pouring  a 
(juart  of  boiling  water  on  a  half  pint  of  pur«'  Flaxseed, 
allowing  it  to  cool.  Compel  the  animal  to  drink  it.  This 
is  very  soothing  to  the  bowels  when  irritated  and  also 
beneficial  in  removing  the  irritant;  in  cases  where  the 
Diarrhoea  continues  for  some  time,  it  is  necfssary  to 
stop  it  by  administering  Gum  Catechu,  two  ounces ;  Pro- 
tan,  two  ounces;  Zinc  Sulphocarholates,  oight  grains. 
Mix  and  make  into  eight  capsules  and  give  one  capsule 
every  four  hours  with  capsule  gun.  Keep  the  animal  as 
quiet  as  possible  and  feed  non-irritating  food  that  is 
easily  digested,  as  steamed  barley  or  oats. 


DEHORNING 

Dehorning  is  not  considered  a  cruelty  as  some  people 
hold  it,  as  horns  on  cattle  do  not  only  add  discomfort  to 
themselves  but  add  to  the  owner's  risk.  It  is  nmch  bet- 
ter, safer  and  I  think  more  humane  to  prevent  the  growth 
of  horns  on  calves  after  they  are  three  or  four  days  old 
by  rubbing  the  elevations  where  the  horns  make  their 
appearance  with  a  pencil  of  Caustic  Potash  after  being 
moistened  with  cold  water.  Repeat  this  application  two 
or  three  times,  which  is  generally  sufficient. 

When  dehorning  cattle  with  clippers  or  saw,  it  is  well 
to  remove  about  one-half  inch  of  the  flesh  of  the  horn. 
This  gives  their  head  a  much  better  appearance  after  the 
horns  are  removed  and  healed.  When  a  horn  is  freshly 
amputated,  apply  Oil  of  Tar  occasionally,  as  it  is  an  an- 
tiseptic and  prevents  infection  and  the  annoyance  of  flies. 
However,  this  should  be  performed  during  the  season 
when  the  flies  are  less  numerous. 


HI 


116 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


DROPSY 

(Ascifies) 

Cause:  Usually  socii  in  old  animals  or  cattle  fed  on 
l»oor  food  where  the  hlood  heconies  so  poor,  so  to  speak, 
tliat  Dropsy  follows.  The  presence  of  worms  frequently 
stinnilates  excessive  secretions  of  fluid,  producing 
Dropsy. 

Symptoms:    The  ahdomen  is  almonuallv  increased  in 


Champion  Jersey  Cow  Orey  Portia. 
Owned  by  Mis.   Xollo  Faliyaii,  Oeiipva,  TU. 

i^'iY.r,  llanks  arc  f?aun  )aleness  of  the  membranes  of  thf 
mouth  ami  eyes  and  a  jjcneral  weakness.  Pressure  with 
the  hand  on  the  ahdominal  walls  will  j)roduce  a  splashing, 
Avatery  sound. 

Treatment:  The  cause  at  first  should  l»e  determined 
and  the  disease  treated  accordingly.  If  due  to  worms, 
withliold   all   food    for  twentv-four  hours.     Place   two 


k 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


117 


ounces  of  Oil  of  Turpentine  in  gelatin  capsules  and  give 
with  capsule  gun.  Follow  this  in  six  hours  with  two 
drams  of  Aloin,  three  drams  of  Ginger  in  gelatin  capsule 
and  give  with  capsule  gun.  Feed  nourishing  food  as 
wheat  bran  mashes  and  one  cup  of  Flaxseed  meal  once  a 
day.  In  their  drinking  water  place  one  dram  of  Potas- 
sium Iodide  two  or  three  times  a  day.  See  that  this 
water  is  drunk  and  give  no  other  until  this  is  consumed 

by  the  animal.  

ECZEMA 

Cause:  Insanitary  surroundings,  as  wann,  damp  sta- 
bles. Overfeeding,  swills,  decomposed  vegetables.  Ap- 
plying irritating  drugs  to  the  skin. 

Symptoms  :  Redness  of  the  skin  and  the  animal  rubs 
itself;  is  usually  confined  to  a  small  area  at  first, 
but  eventually  spreatls.  Considerable  inflammation  is 
present,  also  eruptions  of  the  skin  which  discharge  white, 
serous,  sticky  fluid,  terminating  in  scabs  and  thickness 
of  the  skin.  Sometimes  suppuration  or  formation  of  pus- 
tules containing  pus  is  present.  These  symptoms  do  not 
always  occur  in  regular  succession;  in  some  cases  the 
serums  oozing  from  the  skin  will  be  more  prominent  than 
in  others. 

Treatment:  Determine  the  cause  and  remove  it.  If 
due  to  poor  food,  improve  the  quality.  Also  feed  laxative 
food,  as  hot  bran  mashes,  steamed  rolled  oats.  If  the 
})owels  do  not  act  freely,  administer  Aloin,  two  drams, 
and  Ginger,  three  drams.  Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and 
give  with  capsule  gun.  An  ointment  made  from  the 
following  is  very  effective  as  an  application  in  this  con- 
dition: Blue  Ointment,  one  ounce;  Zinc  Oxide,  three 
ounces.  Mix  well  and  apply  two  or  three  times  a  day. 
A  tonic  usually  has  a  very  good  effect  in  the  treatment 
of  this  disease,  and  I  would  recommend  the  use  of  the 
following :  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces ;  Potassium 
Nitrate,  four  ounces ;  Ferri  Sulphate,  four  ounces.  Mix 
and  make  into  twelve  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  two 
or  three  times  a  day  with  capsule  gun. 


1  i 


118 


THE   VETERINARIAN 
ERGOT  POISON 


(Ergotism) 

Cause:  Ergotism  is  produced  l)y  cattle  eating  fun- 
goid growths  which  attack  kernels  and  seeds  of  rye  and 
blue  grass,  etc.  These  kernels  or  seeds  grow  dark  in 
color  and  become  abnormally  large  and  curved  in  shape. 
The  infected  grass  or  hay  when  eaten  by  cattle  contract 
the  arteries,  especially  those  of  the  legs,  just  above  tlie 
feet,  although  all  the  arteries  in  the  body  are  contracted 
to  a  certain  extent.  This  disease  is  frequently  seen  in 
Spring  and  Summer. 

Symptoms:  Ergot  is  prescribed  in  cases  of  l)leeding, 
because  of  its  contracting  effect  upon  the  arteries  (clos- 
ing or  stopping  the  flow  of  blood)  where  the  blood  sup- 
ply is  the  weakest,  as  in  the  extremities.  It  is  cut  off  and 
this,  of  course,  causes  tlie  skin  just  above  the  hoofs  to 
break  or  crack  as  though  it  were  cut  with  a  knife.  This 
shuts  off  the  entire  supply  of  blood  to  the  foot,  which 
mmnmifies,  and  the  lower  portion  becomes  gangrenous 
and  eventually  sloughs  off.  One  of  the  first  effects  of 
Ergot  Poison  in  pregnant  cattle  is  abortion,  due  to  the 
blood  supply  to  the  womb  being  shut  off  by  its  contracting 
effect  on  the  arteries.  Cattle  are  particularly  susceptible 
to  Ergotism, 

Treatment:  When  Ergotism  is  so  advanced  as  to 
produce  sloughing  of  the  feet  it  is  best  to  destroy  the 
animal.  If  other  animals  are  affected  slightly,  find  out 
the  cause  and  remove  it.  Look  to  the  hay  or  pasture  lis 
the  producer.  Administer  one-half  ounce  of  Chloral 
Hydrat*'.  two  or  three  times  a  day  in  their  drinking  water 
or  mix  it  with  sufficient  quantity  of  Flaxseed  meal  to 
fill  an  ounce  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun. 
If  the  skin  is  slightly  broken  above  the  foot,  wash  with 
five  per  cent  solution  of  Carbolic  Acid.  Wliere  the  feet 
have  become  gangrenous  amputation  of  the  foot  or  feet 
is  necessary,  which  is  not  advisable  unless  the  animal  is 
very  valuable. 


LiM 


DISEASES   (JF   CATTLE 


119 


FLUKE 

(Liver  and  Lungs) 

Cause:  Tliis  disease  ib  contracted  by  cattle  grazing 
on  marshy  lands.  There  are  two  different  species  of 
Fluke  that  affect  the  liver  and  lungs  of  cattle.  They 
are  both  flat,  leaf-like  worms.  The  Common  Liver  Fluke 
is  about  one-half  inch  long,  while  the  so-called  American 
Fluke  is  somewhat  larger.  In  their  life  history  those 
Flukes  depend  on  snails  as  intermediate  hosts.  At  a 
certain  stage  of  development  the  young  Flukes  live  on 
snails.  They  become  encysted  on  stalks  and  blades  of 
frrass  which  are  finally  swallowed  by  grazing  cattle.  This 
disease  is  most  frequently  seen  in  young  cattle. 

Symptoms:  The  animal  shows  no  marked  signs  at 
first,  but  eventually  the  appetite  diminishes,  rumination 
or  chewing  of  the  cud  becomes  irregular,  the  animal  be- 
comes dull,  hide-bound,  hair  standing,  the  visible  mucous 
membranes  of  the  mouth  and  eyes  become  pale  and 
bloodless,  the  eyes  discharge  watery  fluids  oozing  down 
the  face,  temperature  vrrying  from  two  to  three  de- 
grees above  normal  and  milk  supply,  if  in  aired  cattle, 
remarkably  reduced.  In  all  eases  there  is  great  thirst 
and  the  animal  becomes  very  much  emaciated  and  refuses 
to  eat.  Swellings  about  the  belly  and  breast,  etc.  Diar- 
rhoea at  first,  alternating  with  constipation,  but  finally 
becomes  continuous.  The  diseased  animal  succumbs  to 
the  malady  in  from  two  to  six  months. 

Treatmext:  Medical  treatment  is  unsatisfactory. 
The  disease  will  be  prevented  to  a  considerable  extent 
by  giving  animals  pV  ty  of  salt  and  in  the  marshes  con- 
taining pools  of  Water  introduce  or  plant  carp,  frogs  and 
toads  into  the  infected  tracts.  These  will  destroy  the 
young  parasites  and  feed  upon  the  snails  which  serve  as 
their  intermediate  hosts.  Or,  prevent  the  cattle  from 
grazing  upon  swampy  marshes  by  fencing  them  out. 


120  THE   VETERINARIAN 

FOOT   AND    MOUTH   DISEASE 
(Infectious  Aphtha — Epizootica  Eczema) 

Cause:  This  disease  is  produced  by  a  specific  agent 
or  germ,  tlie  exact  nature  of  which  is  not  known.  It  will 
pass  througli  the  Berkfelt  filter,  wliich  is  the  most  minute 
filter  known  to  science,  and  is  therefore  known  as  a  filt  - 
able  virus.  This  is  an  eruptive  fever  and  belongs  to  iiie 
class  of  Exanthematous  diseases  such  as  smallpox, 
measles,  scarlet  fever,  etc.  Every  outbreak  starts  from 
some  pre-existing  infection.  The  infection  is  distributed 
by  manure,  pastures,  barnyards,  hay,  drinking  troughs, 
box-cars,  ships,  boats  which  have  been  previously  oc- 
cupied by  animals  affected  with  this  disease,  travel  over 
public  highways  or  man  may  carry  the  infection  of  this 
disease  on  his  clothing  and  transmit  it  to  healthy  cattle, 
etc.  Foot  and  Mouth  Disease  not  only  affects  cattle  but 
attacks  a  variety  of  animals,  as  the  horse,  sheep,  goat, 
hog,  dog,  cat,  also  wild  animals  as  buffalo,  deer,  antelope, 
and  man  himself  is  not  immune  from  this  disease.  Children 
also  suffer  from  Foot  and  Moutli  Disease,  resulting  from 
drinking  unboiled  milk  from  infected  cattle.  Therefore, 
when  purchasing  cattle  be  very  careful,  as  you  may  be 
buying  an  infectious  disease.  Keep  the  newly  purchased 
animals  to  themselves  for  two  or  three  weeks,  if  possible. 
This  will  give  ample  time  for  the  majority  of  infectious 
diseases  to  develop. 

Symptoms:  The  disease  usually  makes  its  first  ap- 
pearance in  three  to  six  days  after  being  exposed,  by 
ohillliig,  rise  of  temperature,  and  in  a  day  or  so  pustules 
varying  in  size  from  that  of  a  pin  head  to  that  of  a  pea 
appear.  They  appear  upon  the  inner  surface  of  the  lips, 
gums  and  upper  surface  of  the  tongue.  The  feet  also  be- 
come affected  between  the  digits.  The  udder  usually  be- 
comes affected,  especially  in  milking  cows.  As  soon  as 
this  disease  becomes  well  established  the  affected  animal 
evinces  great  pain  when  attempting  to  eat.    The  animal 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


121 


generally  refuses  food.  In  many  instances  they  shut  and 
open  the  mouth  with  a  smacking  sound  owing  to  the 
stringy  saliva  flowing  from  the  mouth.  The  ulcers  in 
the  mouth  continue  to  enlarge  until  they  attain  the  size 
of  one-half  i  -  two  inches  in  diameter.  The  mucous  mem- 
brane covering  these  ulcers  breaks  and  a  watery  dis- 
charge escapes.  In  a  few  days  the  surface  of  the  ulcers 
takes  on  a  whitish  appearance.  The  same  changes  take 
place  in  the  feet  and  the  animal  becomes  very  lame  and 
the  udder  very  much  swollen,  the  ulcers  discharge,  etc. 

Prevention  :  When  any  of  the  above  mentioned  symp- 
toms are  noticed,  non-affected  animals  Should  immedi- 
ately be  removed  to  non-affected  quarters.  This  disease 
is  not  communicated  through  the  atmosphere  but  by  the 
animal  coming  into  direct  contact  with  the  infection  or 
virus;  hence  it  is  not  necessary  to  move  unaffected  an- 
imals any  great  distance  but  merely  to  clean,  sanitary 
quarters  which  have  not  been  subjected  to  any  possible 
infection  from  the  diseased  animals.  It  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  the  attendant  or  helper  cannot  be  too  careful  in 
the  matter  of  his  own  actions  and  dress  as  the  infection 
is  easily  carried  through  clothes,  fecal  matter,  etc.,  adher- 
ing to  shoes  or  any  matter  or  articles,  such  as  buckets, 
brushes,  rubrags,  blankets,  etc. 

The  existence  of  this  disease  should  at  once  be  reported 
to  your  nearest  Veterinarian.  He  will  report  to  the  State 
Veterinarian  of  your  State  ^  the  United  States  Bu- 
reau of  Animal  Industry  at  lington,  D.  C. 

Treatment:  I  cannot  ree*  ^mnend  any  tieatment  as 
being  satisfactory  or  a  euro,  for  although  under  some 
treatments  the  animal  appears  to  make  a  good  recovery, 
in  the  majority  of  cases  the  feet  are  disfigured  and  crip- 
pled, the  udder  permanently  injured  with  growths,  an- 
imal unfit  for  milking  purposes,  and  the  mouth,  tongue 
and  teeth  left  impaired ;  the  mouth  and  tongue  strictured 
from  wounds  and  the  teeth  loosened  from  the  gums. 
Furthermore,  should  an  animal  make  apparent  recovery, 


III 


122 


THE   VETEKINAKIAN 


it  is  not  immune  from  a  recurrence  of  tlie  disease.  In 
treating  the  disease,  there  is  not  only  danger  of  spreading 
the  disease  to  other  animals,  but  to  man.  The  flesh  or 
milk  from  aninmls  apparently  cured  should  never  he 
used  unless  first  examined  Ity  a  qualified  Veterinarian. 
"Without  question,  all  animals  showing  severe  symp- 
toms as  a^ove  desorilu'd  shoull  be  at  once  slaughtered 


IIkhkford  Bill. 
OwiK'il  liy  ('.  A.  Tow.  Norway,  Towa. 

and  buried  six  feet  or  deeper,  covering  carcass  with 
(^)uicklime  and  then  ])roniptly  filling  grave,  according  to 
the  Government  regulations,  which  i^hould  be  followed 
explicitly.  Be  careful  to  disinfect  scene  of  slaughter,  as 
bloodstains,  etc.  The  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal 
Indu^t^y  legulales  the  disinfectants  to  be  iiseil  and  the 
;  treiii-tii  thereof,  and  as  these  are  subject  to  chanii-e  from 


u 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


123 


tinu'  to  time,  I  must  refer  you  in  tliis  matter  to  the 
proper  Oovermment  autliorities, 

Medical  Treatment:  If  permitted  by,  Government 
authorities,  1  would  suggest  the  following  treatment  as 
being  bent'ticial:  In  mild  attacks  of  Foot  and  Mouth 
Disease  benefits  may  be  derived  by  cleanliness  and  the 
applications  of  antiseptics  as  placing  Boracic  Acid,  one 
dram;  Potassium  Chlorate,  two  drams,  in  a  bucket  of 
water,  compelling  the  annual  to  drink  it.  Repeat  this 
dose  two  or  three  times  a  day.  Also  compel  the  animals 
to  stand  in  tubs  or  troughs  containing  a  one  in  one  thou- 
sandth solution  of  Bichloride  of  Mercury  for  at  least  five 
minutes,  twice  daily.  When  other  i)arts  of  the  body  be- 
come affected,  as  the  cow's  udder,  apply  Carbolated 
Vaseline  twice  daily.  This  treatment  should  be  continued 
until  all  ulcers  have  ceased  to  discharge.  Always  keep  in 
mind  that  this  disease  is  contagious  and  is  transmitted 
to  other  animals,  as  well  as  to  man.  For  disinfecting 
corrals,  barns,  clothing,  hands  and  anything  which  the 
diseased  animal  might  come  in  contact  with,  I  would  rec- 
ommend Coal  Tar  products,  diluted  one  part  to  fifty 
parts  warm  water.    Spray,  sprinkle  or  scrub. 


FOOT    ROT 

(Foul  in  Foot) 

Cause  :  Due  to  filth  or  from  hard  substances  accumu- 
lating between  the  two  digits,  producing  irritation  and 
inflammation  and  suppuration. 

Symptoms:  Lameness,  On  examination  the  foot  is 
swollen,  hot  and  painful  to  the  touch.  When  the  case  is 
of  long  standing,  suppuration  occurs  and  pus  will  ooze 
from  between  the  digits,  and  is  very  offensive  in  smell. 
This  condition  causes  the  digits  to  slough  off,  if  no  attempt 
is  made  to  relieve  it. 

^keatment:  Cleanliness.  Whore  there  is  considera- 
ble inflanmiation  present,  apply  Hot  Bran  or  Flaxseed 


iff 
t 


124 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


;       '  r? 


poultices.  Keep  clean  and  treat  as  an  ordinary  wound. 
The  following  prescription  will  be  found  very  effective 
in  Foot  Rot :  Oil  of  Origanum,  four  ounces ;  Oil  of  Pisis, 
four  ounces;  Oil  of  Turpentine,  four  ounces.  Saturate 
oakum  or  cotton  with  the  above  liniment  placing  betwt'cii 
the  digits  and  bandage.  Feed  laxative  food,  as  hot  wheat 
bran  mashes  and  vegetables. 


FOUNDER 
(Laminitis) 

Inflammation  of  the  internal,  sensitive  structure  of 
the  foot. 

Cause:  Overfeeding,  overheating,  driving  on  rough, 
stony  soil.  Cattle  confined  to  stand  on  hard  floors  with- 
out exercise  frequently  suffer  from  Founder. 

Symptoms  :  The  animals  lie  down  a  great  part  of  th<» 
time.  Feet  hot  and  tender  and  if  made  to  walk  they  do  so 
with  great  difficulty.  One  or  all  four  feet  may  beconu? 
affected,  although  it  is  more  frequently  found  in  tlu' 
front  feet.  The  temperature  is  somewhat  elevated,  vary- 
ing from  104°  to  106°  F.,  breathing  very  rapid,  appetite 
fairly  good  and  there  will  be  great  thirst.  Founder  in 
cows  reduces  the  milk  secretion,  owing  to  the  great  fever 
that  is  present. 

Treatmext:  Apply  cold  packs  to  the  feet,  ice  packs 
preferred.  If  the  anin>al  can  be  made  to  stand  in  a 
stream  of  water  having  a  soft  bottom,  it,  perhaps,  is  the 
l)est  method  of  cooling  out  the  feet.  Give  a  physic  of 
Aloin,  three  drams;  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  two  drams. 
Place  in  a  gelatin  capsi.lo  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  To 
their  drinking  water  add  two  or  tliroe  drams  of  Potassi 
Nitrate  three  or  four  times  daily.  Animals  suffering 
with  Founder  should  be  provided  with  soft  ground  to 
stand  on,  as  their  feet  will  be  tender  and  subject  to  the 
chronic  form  of  the  disease. 


M^ 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


125 


GARGET 

(Congestion  of  the  Udder) 

Cause  :  Very  common  in  heavy  milkers  liefore  or  just 
after  calving  when  the  bag  is  very  much  enlarged  and 
very  sensitive;  exposure  to  chilling  or  standing  in  drafts 
or  even  neglected  for  too  long  a  time  in  milking.  Injuries 
may  also  cause  Garget. 

Symptoms:  The  bag  is  very  much  enlarged,  showing 
signs  of  inflammation.  The  swelling  extends  well  for- 
ward following  the  milk  veins.  The  cow  has  groat  diffi- 
culty in  walking  due  to  sensitiveness  of  the  bag.  When 
milked  for  two  or  three  days  the  swelling  disappears 
after  the  secretion  is  fully  established,  but  as  a  rule  ia 
tinged  with  blood.  Sometimes  small  clots  of  milk  or 
cheese-like  particles  are  ejected  with  the  milk. 

Tkeatment:  Give  a  physic  consisting  of  Aloin,  two 
drams ;  Pulv.  Ginger,  three  drams.  Place  in  gelatin  cap- 
sule and  give  with  capsule  gun :  Hyposulphite  of  Soda, 
sixteen  ounces;  Nitrate  of  Potassi,  four  ounces.  Mix  and 
make  into  sixteen  powders.  Give  one  powder  three  times 
a  day  in  drinking  water  or  place  in  gelatin  capsule  ami 
give  with  capsule  gun.  Also  dissolve  Bichloride  of  Mei- 
cury,  two  grains ;  Boracic  Acid,  two  drams,  in  one  quart 
of  boiling  hot  water.  When  this  solution  cools  to  about 
blood  temperature,  after  stripping  all  milk  fluid  or  pus 
from  the  affected  teat  or  teats,  inject  with  an  ordinary 
bulb  injection  syringe  after  placing  a  teat  tube  into  the 
end  from  which  the  air  escapes  when  the  bulb  is  pressed. 
Xow,  place  the  end  of  the  syringe  retaining  the  teat  tube 
in  tlie  aflfeoted  teat,  the  other  end  place  in  a  bottle  or 
vessel  containing  the  solution  and  gently  press  the  bulb 
and  inject  about  a  pint  of  the  solution  in  each  affected 
quarter.  Leave  the  solution  in  the  teat  for  only  fifteen  to 
twenty  minutes  and  milk  out  thoroughly.  Repeat  this 
treatment  two  or  three  times  &  day. 

For  an  external  application  the  following  ointment  has 


I 

11 


jj 


126 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


f( 


given  it'iuarkably  good  results:  Blue  Ointineut  aud  Zinc 
Ointment,  equal  parts.  Mix  well  and  apply  two  or  three 
times  daily.  

HARD   MILKERS 

Cause:  A  thickness  or  contraction  of  the  mucous 
membranes  lining  the  teat  or  growths  inside  the  teat. 

Treatment:  All  antisejjtic  precautions  should  l»e  car- 
ried out  in  this  operation,  as  boiling  the  instruments  and 
then  covering  them  with  Carl>olated  Vaseline.  Then  with 
a  hidden  bistoury  or  a  knife  concealed  in  a  tube,  force  up- 
ward into  the  teat,  then  press  out  the  little  blade  and 
draw  the  instrument  down  tiie  teat,  making  about  four  in- 
cisions equal  distance  apart  around  the  inuf  r  surface  of 
the  teat.  The  use  of  self-retaining  teat  dilators  pn'vents 
the  contraction  of  the  cut  surface,  penr.itting  them  to 
remain  in  the  teat  for  two  weeks,  removing  them  only 
when  the  milk  is  being  stripped  from  the  teat.  Always 
place  them  in  l)oiling  water  and  cover  \vith  Carbolated 
Vaseline  before  inserting. 


HOLLOW    HORN 

Horns  of  the  cattle  tribf'  are  normally  hollow,  although 
a  core  extends  well  into  the  horn.  This,  however,  is 
merely  a  prolongation  of  a  porous  bone  of  the  head  which 
affords  a  point  for  the  horns'  attachment,  consequently 
when  a  cow  is  sick  and  the  temperature  is  elevated,  the 
horns  are  naturally  hot,  it  l)eiiigthe  s>niiptom  of  a  disease 
and  not  a  disease  of  itself,  and  which  should  be  treated 
imdcr  its  special  heading. 

The  supposed  disease  "Hollow  Horn"  once  upon  a 
time  was  treated  by  boring  a  hole  into  the  horn  with  a 
small  gindet  and  pouring  Turpentine  into  the  opening. 
This  treatment  is  useless  and  harmful.  It  produces  in- 
flammation of  the  frontal  sinuses  of  the  head  and 
chances  are  death  of  the  animal  will  follow  as  a  result  of 
the  treatment  and  not  of  tha  disease. 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


127 


INDIGESTION 

Cause:  Animals  with  u  voracious  appetite  will  over- 
load their  stomachs  with  food  that  is  hard  to  digest  or  is 
decomposed,  causing  the  organs  of  assimilation  to  become 
weakened,  sluggish  and  incapable  of  doing  their  proper 
work. 

Symptoms:  The  animal  ceases  to  ruminate  (chew  its 
cud) ;  stands  quietly,  hair  rough,  nose  dry,  teniperature 
elevated  one  to  two  degrees,  breathing  usually  faster  than 
normal  with  slight  grunts  at  «'ach  expiration  of  air  from 
the  lungs.  The  secretions  of  mi'k  are  suddenly  dimin- 
ished. If  tlic  hand  is  placed  tgainst  the  left  side  and 
quickly  removed,  a  marked  depression  or  pit  will  remain, 
which  shows  that  the  y)aunch  is  full  of  undigested  food. 
Bloating  is  also  frequently  accompanied  by  indigestion. 

Treatment:  Administer  Aloin,  three  drams;  Ginger, 
three  drams.  Place  in  capside  and  give  with  capsule  gun. 
Pennit  the  animal  to  drink  all  the  water  possible.  If 
bloating  is  present  give  two-ounce  capsules  filled  with 
Turpentine  with  capsule  j^.' \  A  tonic  is  quite  necessary 
in  this  condition,  and  the  following  I  am  sure  will  be 
followed  by  good  results  if  the  case  is  not  of  too  long  a 
standing:  Sodium  Bicarbonate,  eight  ounces;  Pulv.  Nux 
Vomica,  foiir  ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces: 
Pulv.  Ginger,  four  oun  s.  Place  two  tablespoonfuls  . 
gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun  every  six  hours. 
Very  good  results  are  also  obtained  from  rectal  injections 
of  soap  and  warm  water.  Fe  '  good  nourishing  food 
sparingly,  compelling  the  animal  to  exercise,  etc. 


INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  BAG 

(Simple  Mamnitis) 

Cause:  Injuries,  as  l)lows,  kicks,  etc.;  lying  on  cold, 
rough  ground  or  floor,  standing  in  drafts,  sudden  change 
of  weather.  Derangement  of  the  system  is  likely  to  af- 
fect the  udder;  poorly  milked  or  stripped  cows  are  often 


128 


THE  VETERINARIAN 


m. 


victims  of  Mammitis.  Infections  in  the  teat  from  insert- 
ing dirty  instruments,  as  using  a  bicycle  piunp  for  the 
treatment  of  Milk  Fever.  Cows  with  a  retained  after- 
birth are  likely  to  infect  the  udiler  by  switching  their  tail. 
This  condition  is  very  common  in  heavy  milkers  follow- 
ing calving. 

Symptoms:  The  animal  chills,  hair  stands,  tempera- 
ture elevated  from  one  to  three  degrees  above  normal ; 
ears,  horns  and  legs  culd,  which  may  suddenly  beconn' 


GuEENSEY  Cow  MlRNE  CowAN   19597  A.  R.  1906.     SlRE  Fan 
tasia's  Jeweller  7259;  Dam  Jaxet  Brown  12403. 

(Tear's  rcconi  2400s. u  Iba.  Milk;   109S  18  lbs.  Putter  Fat.) 

Owned  by  O.  C.  Barber,  Akron,  Ohio. 

very  hot;  pulse  rapid,  breathing  hurried,  bag  hard  and 
swollen  and  very  tender  on  pressure.  "When  attempts  aro 
made  to  milk,  a  watery  substance  comes  away,  almost 
colorless  at  first,  but  later  becomes  tinged  with  blood  and 
pus  and  has  a  fetid  odor.  The  cow's  muzzle  is  dry,  appe- 
tite poor,  but  great  thirst  exists.  This  condition  may 
affect  one  or  more  quarters  of  the  uddor.  Abscesses  may 
form  and  the  udder  break  and  a  thick  yellowish  pus  oozes 
out  or  the  milk  glands  may  solidify  and  cause  hard,  lumpy 
/rrowths  in  the  udder. 


U^^j«^ 


DISEASES  OF   CATTLE 


129 


Treatment  :  Prevention.  If  an  animal  is  once  slightly 
affected  with  inflammation  of  the  bag,  it  is  likely  to  de- 
velop a  bad  case  of  Mammitis  from  the  slightest  injury 
or  exposure  as  stated  above,  which  depreciates  a  cow 
considerably  as  a  milk  producer,  especially  on  the  mar- 
ket. Great  care  should  be  exercised  when  purchuHing  a 
cow  for  milking  purposes.  See  that  the  teats  and  udder 
are  sound,  free  from  lumps,  etc. 

Medical  Treatment:  Hyposulphite  of  Soda,  sixteen 
ounces;  Nitrate  of  Potassi,  four  ounces.  Mix  and  make 
into  sixltfu  powders.  Give  one  powder  three  tini"s  a  day 
in  drinking  water  or  place  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  give 
with  a  capsule  gun.  Also,  dissolve  Bichloride  of  Mercury, 
two  grains;  Boracic  Acid,  two  drams,  in  one  quart  of 
boiling  hot  water.  When  this  solution  cools  to  about 
blood  temperature,  after  stripping  all  milk  fluid  or  pus 
from  the  affected  teat  or  teats,  inject  with  an  ordinary 
bulb  injection  syringe  after  placing  a  teat  tube  into  the 
end  from  which  the  air  escapes  when  the  bulb  is  pressed. 
Now,  place  this  end  of  the  syringe  retaining  the  teat  tube 
in  the  affected  teat ;  the  other  end  place  in  a  bottle  or  ves- 
sel containing  the  solution  and  gently  press  the  bulb  and 
inject  about  a  pint  of  the  solution  into  each  affected 
quarter.  Leave  the  solution  in  the  teat  for  only  fifteen 
to  twenty  minutes  and  milk  out  thoroughly.  Repeat  this 
treatment  two  or  three  times  a  day. 

For  an  external  application,  the  following  ointment 
has  given  remarkably  good  results :  Blue  Ointment,  two 
ounces ;  Lard,  two  ounces.  Mix  well  and  apply  twice  daily. 


INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  EYE 

(Conjunctivitis) 

Cause:  Injuries,  irritating  gases,  from  an  animal 
standing  in  dark  and  poorly  ventilated  stables  or  foreign 
bodies  in  the  eye,  as  chaff,  etc. 

Symptoms  :  A  constant  flow  of  tears  from  the  eye  run- 
ning down  the  animal's  face,  which  are  due  to  the  inflam- 


130 


THE  VETERINARIAN 


i    f-! 


mation  of  the  lining  membranes  of  the  eye.    The  eye  is 
partially  or  completely  closed. 

Treatment  :  If  due  to  a  foreign  body,  remove  it.  In 
order  to  accomplish  this,  the  animal  must  be  placed  in 
a  stanchion,  the  head  twisted  and  the  eyelid  turned  back. 
Do  not  use  burned  alum  as  this  will  only  make  the  condi- 
tion worse.  Use  Boracic  Acid,  thirty  grains;  distilled 
water,  one  ounce.  Apply  to  the  eye  three  or  four  times 
daily,  using  an  ordinary  eye-dropper. 


INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  HEART  SACK 

(Pericarditis) 

Cause:  Cattle  being  ruminants,  therefore,  not  mas- 
ticating their  food  finely  before  swallowing,  consequently 
foreign  bodies,  such  as  nails,  wire,  etc.,  are  picked  up 
with  the  food  and  taken  into  the  rumen  or  paunch.  These 
sharp  objects  penetrate  the  walls  of  the  paunch,  rumen 
or  first  stomach  and  pierce  the  membrane  or  sack  sur- 
rounding the  heart,  which  produces  an  inflammation 
of  the  heart  sack,  or  Pericarditis. 

Symptoms:  Symptoms  develop  verj'  slowly  or  indica- 
tions of  indigestion  will  be  present  as  the  appetite  is 
variable,  temperature  elevated,  breathing  labored,  the 
animal  avoids  walking  down  hill  as  it  causes  pain 
from  the  stomach  and  intestines  pressing  the  lungs 
against  the  heart.  The  s\Tnptoms,  however,  are  so  slight 
that  they  may  easily  escape  the  notice  of  a  casual  ob- 
server. The  animal  eventually  becomes  poor,  emaciated 
and  dies.  If  you  open  the  heart  sack,  it  will  be  found  full 
of  watery  pus. 

Treatmext:  Unsuccessful,  as  this  disease  is  seldom 
diagnosed  correctly,  and  if  it  is  an  operation  is  neces- 
sary and  this  does  not  prove  successful  in  the  majority 
of  cases. 


i     : 


UA^ 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


131 


INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  KIDNEYS 
Cause  :  Injuries  in  the  region  of  the  kidneys,  exposure 
to  cold  weather,  especially  in  cows  soon  after  calving. 
Eating  poisonous  plants,  decomposed  food  or  drinking 
stagnant  water,  irritating  medicines  given  ignorantly  of 
their  bad  effects  are  frequently  followed  by  inflammation 
of  the  kidneys. 

Symptoms  :  The  attack  will  first  be  noticed  by  slight 
shivering  or  chilling  followed  by  an  increased  tempera- 
ture, breathing  increased.  The  animal  attempts  to  uri- 
nate frequently  and  the  amount  passed  is  small  and  of  a 
dark  amber  color  and  may  be  flaked  with  blood.  There 
will  be  stiffness  and  straddling  of  the  hind  legs  which  is 
always  present  during  urinary  disorders.  There  may  be 
slight  swelling  and  tenderness  over  the  kidneys.  As  tlie 
disease  progresses  the  animal  grows  weak  and  finally 
dies  if  prompt  relief  is  not  afforded.  Fortunately  this 
disease  is  not  common  among  cattle. 

Treatment  :  Clothe  the  animal  if  the  weather  is  cold. 
Mild  physics  are  beneficial,  as  Aloin,  one  and  one-half 
drams;  Ginger,  two  drams;  Nux  Vomica,  two  drams, 
placed  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  given  with  capsule  gun. 
Also,  the  following,  which  is  very  soothing  to  the  urinary 
tract :  Potassium  Acetate,  Potassium  Bromide,  each  four 
ounces,  made  into  sixteen  powders.  Give  one  powder 
every  four  hours  in  their  drinking  water.  Feed  nitrog- 
enous food  as  hot  wheat  bran  mashes,  steamed  rolled 
oats,  and  see  that  the  animal  has  pure  water  to  drink. 


INFLAMMATION   OF  THE  PENIS 

Cause:  Injuries  received  from  snags,  walking 
through  the  underbrush,  jumping  fences,  etc. 

Symptoms:  Arched  back,  swelling  of  the  sheath  and 
in  some  cases  a  discharge.  It  may  be  serious  enough  to 
affect  the  appetite  and  cause  fever. 

Treatment  :    Wash  out  the  sheath  two  or  three  times 


r" 


m 


132 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


m 


daily  with  a  three  per  cent  solution  of  Boracic  Acid.  If 
the  inflammation  extends  pretty  well  back  in  the  sheath, 
it  is  advisable  to  inject  this  solution  with  a  syringe,  care- 
fully, as  far  back  as  possible.  Withdraw  the  syringe, 
holding  the  opening  of  the  sheath  so  as  to  retain  the  solu- 
tion for  a  few  minutes  before  allowing  it  to  escape. 

Feed  laxative  food  and  supply  the  animal  with  fresli 
water  to  drink.  If  there  is  considerable  fever,  administer 
Potassium  Nitrate,  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  each  two  ounces. 
Make  into  eight  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  two  or 
three  times  a  day.  

INFLAMMATION   OF   THE  WOMB 

Cause  :  Injuries,  as  bruises,  laceration,  sustained  dur- 
ing calving,  e:;ipecially  where  the  cow  is  assisted  with 
instruments  or  hands  that  are  not  thoroughly  aseptic,  an 
animal  retaining  the  afterbirth  which  undergoes  putre- 
faction, and  consequently  sets  up  an  inflammation  of  the 
womb,  or  perhaps  the  animal  may  become  infected  dur- 
ing the  act  of  removing  the  afterbirth  if  the  operator  is 
neglectful  about  washing  his  hands  or  washing  the  womb 
out  thoroughly. 

Symptoms:  The  animal  will  chill,  the  temperature 
elevated  two  or  three  degrees,  the  back  will  be  arched, 
stiffness  of  the  hind  parts,  legs,  ears  and  horns  cold,  nose 
hot  and  dry,  grinding  of  the  teeth,  the  cow  usually  re- 
mains standing,  ceases  to  chew  her  cud,  the  secretions  of 
milk  will  be  markedly  reduced  and  a  day  or  so  after  the 
s}inptoms  appear,  there  will  be  a  discharge  from  the 
womb  of  a  reddish  lumpy  nature.  This  becomes  thick 
and  yellow  containing  small  particles  of  flesh,  showing 
that  the  inner  lining  of  the  womb  is  sloughing.  This 
discharge  is  very  offensive  in  odor.  A  cow  in  this  condi- 
tion requires  th^  best  of  care  or  she  will  die  as  the  de- 
composed substance  in  the  womb  may  be  absorbed  into 
the  circulation  and  produce  Pyemia  or  Septicemia  (Blood 
Poison). 


>  I 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


133 


Treatment :  Give  Aloin,  two  drams;  Pulv.  Ginger, 
tliree  drams,  place  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with 
capsule  gun.  Flush  out  the  womb  thoroughly  with  a 
tablespoonful  of  Carbolic  Acid  to  one  gallon  of  water 
two  or  three  times  a  day.  A  convenient  instrument  for 
flushing  out  the  womb  can  be  made  from  an  ordinary 
funnel  and  a  clean  hose. about  four  feet  long.  This  an- 
swers the  purpose  of  an  injection  syringe  very  well.  In 
their  drinking  water  add  the  following :  Hyposulphite  of 
Soda,  sixteen  ounces;  Potassium  Iodide,  two  ounces. 
Make  into  sixteen  powders  and  give  '^'•e  powder  two  or 
three  times  a  day. 

In  addition  to  the  above  treatmei.  -s  necessary  to 
give  alteratives  and  bitter  tonics  to  bv'ld  up  the  condi- 
tion of  the  animal  as  soon  as  possible.  The  following 
will  be  found  very  effective:  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four 
ounces;  Pulv.  Ferri  Sulphate,  four  ounces;  Nitrate  of 
Potash,  four  ounces.  Mix  and  make  into  sixteen  powders 
and  give  one  powder  three  times  a  day.  Place  in  a 
gelatin  capsule  and  administer  with  a  capsule  gun. 

My  reasons  for  giving  animals  medicine  in  capsules 
are: 

1.  There  is  no  danger  of  liquids,  as  in  drenching, 
escaping  into  the  lungs. 

2.  Any  drug  having  any  beneficial  effects  as  a  tonic 
is  very  bitter,  consequently  the  only  way  the  animal  will 
take  it  is  by  placing  in  capsule. 


JOINT  ILL,  NAVEL  ILI 
(Umbilical  Pyemia  and  Septicemia) 
Cause:  This  disease  is  produced  by  various  germs 
entering  the  navel  cord  of  newly  born  calves  when 
dropped,  the  navel  being  freshly  severed  and  its  coming 
in  contact  with  filth  and  manure  where  germs  are  nu- 
merous, consequently  germs  adhere  and  enter  the  blood 
stream.  Calf  Scours  as  a  rule  is  associated  with  this 
disease. 


. 


134 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


-w 


Symptoms:  Swelling  of  the  joints  which  are  very  hot 
and  painful  on  pressure,  and  when  the  calf  is  made  to 
move  it  walks  stiffly  and  slowly,  does  not  care  to  nurse  its 
mother  or  take  any  food,  temperature  elevated  from 
105°  to  108°  F.,  breathing  hurried,  pulse  very  weak  and 
quick.  There  will  be  an  offensive  discharge  from  the 
navel  cord  of  a  yellowish  color  and  swollen  joints  finally 
break  and  also  discharge  a  thick  yellow  pus.  The  calf 
becomes  emaciated  and  finally  dies  from  exhaustion. 

Treatment:  Prevention.  Provide  clean  surround- 
ings for  cows  when  calving,  and  in  addition  to  this  have  a 
one  in  one-thousandth  solution  of  Bichloride  of  Mercury 
on  hand.  Wash  the  navel  well  in  the  solution  once  a  day 
until  the  cord  is  thoroughly  dried. 

Medical  Treatment:  Unsuccessful.  Sometimes  the 
calf  recovers,  but  at  best  the  calf  is  badly  stunted  and  is 
very  seldom  worth  keeping.  However,  the  following 
method  of  treatment  has  been  followed  with  fairly  good 
results:  Wash  the  navel  cord  well  in  a  one-thou- 
sandth solution  of  Bichloride  of  Mercury  two  or  three 
times  a  day  and  give  Zinc  Sulphocarbolates,  one-fourth 
grain ;  Potassi  Iodide,  five  grains,  in  a  little  water  or  milk 
three  or  four  times  a  day.  Feed  them  three  or  four  eggs 
a  day,  molasses,  fresh  milk.  This  will  keep  up  the 
strength  and  vitality  and  a  good  recovery  may  follow, 
although  it  is  an  exception  and  not  a  rule. 


LACERATION  OF  THE  EYELID 

Cause:  An  eyelid  may  be  torn  on  the  manger,  rub- 
bing post  or  barb  wire  fence,  etc. 

Treatment  :  Wash  the  lacerated  portions  of  the  eye 
thoroughly  with  a  five  per  cent  solution  of  Carbolic  Acid. 
It  may  be  necessary  to  take  a  few  stitches  in  the  wound 
or  the  torn  edges  may  be  cut  off  with  a  pair  of  sharp 
scissors.  If  stitches  have  been  take",  they  should  be  re- 
moved after  the  parts  have  united  and  the  eye  kept 
clean.    A  very  convenient  application  for  the  eye  in  this 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


135 


condition  is  Boracic  Acid,  one  dram;  Distilled  Water, 
four  ounces.    Apply  liberally  to  the  eye. 


LEECHES 

(Blood  Suckeis) 

Leeches  which  suck  blood  of  cattle  are  sorjetimes  taken 
up  by  the  animals  when  drinking  water  from  ponds, 
etc.  The  leeches  attach  themselves  to  the  inner  surface 
of  the  mouth  or  nose,  and  sometimes  reach  the  upper 
part  of  windpipe  or  the  gullet.  Bleeding  at  the  mouth  or 
nose  may  be  noticed,  the  membranes  where  the  leeches 
attach  themselves  become  congested  and  swollen,  and  as 
a  result  of  the  loss  of  blood  anemic  condition  follows. 

Treatment:  If  the  leeches  can  be  reached,  they  are 
easily  destroyed  by  cutting  them  in  two  with  a  pair  of 
scissors  or  they  may  be  removed  with  a  pair  of  forceps  or 
with  the  fingers  after  wrapping  a  piece  of  cloth  around 
them  so  as  to  prevent  slipping. 

Steam  from  boiling  hot  water  containing  Pine  Tar  or 
Oil  of  Turpentine  may  cause  leeches  to  release  their  hold 
if  they  cannot  be  removed  by  other  means.  In  ponds 
where  leeches  are  numerous,  eels  should  be  introduced 
as  they  feed  upon  blood  suckers  of  this  species. 


LUMPY  JAW 

(Wooden  Tongue,  Big  Head,  Actinomycosis) 
Cause:  The  Ray  Fungus.  This  organism  which  oc- 
curs in  the  tissues  in  the  form  of  russets  is  directly 
transmitted  from  one  animal  to  an';iher.  It  seems  ap- 
parent that  the  fungus  is  conveyed  into  the  tissues  of  the 
mouth  by  various  food  stuff  through  slight  wounds  of 
the  mucous  membranes  of  the  mouth  or  an  animal  that 
has  decayed  teeth  or  during  the  shedding  of  milk  teeth. 
The  Ray  Fungus  is  found  naturally  vegetated  or  clinging 
on  the  awns  of  barley,  the  spears  of  oats  and  on  other 
grains.     Quantities  of  fungi  have  been  found  between 


. 


1 

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THE   VETIJRINARIAN 


\     i 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


137 


the  vegetable  fibers  of  barley  which  had  penetrated  the 
gums  of  cattle  and  on  the  awns  of  grain  imbedded  in 
their  vongues. 

Lumpy  Jaw  can  also  be  transmitted  by  coming  in  con- 
tact with  or  eating  food  over  which  lumpy  jawed  cattle 
have  slobbered.  A  healthy  animal  eating  such  food  with 
very  slight  bruises  or  abrasions  of  the  mouth  will  con- 
tract the  disease  very  readily.  This  disease  is  mislead- 
ing as  other  organs  are  affected  with  the  Ray  Fungi  or 
the  Bacillus  of  Actinomycosis,  as  the  lungs  and  even  the 
digestive  organs  have  been  found  to  be  affected  with  this 

disease. 

Symptoms  :  External  symptoms  or  signs  are  the  only 
means  by  which  to  ascertain  the  disease.  Its  exact  loca 
tion  is  oil  the  lower  jaw  bone  near  its  angle.  It  may  also 
affect  the  upper  jaw,  but  this  is  an  exception  and  not  a 
rule.  Internally  it  may  affect  the  tongue,  mouth,  throat 
or  lungs,  but  rarely  the  intestines.  This  enlargement 
continues  to  grow  until  it  reaches  the  size  of  that  of  a 
man's  head,  breaks  and  discharges  pus.  The  animal  b3- 
comes  poor  and  emaciated,  the  hair  takes  on  a  dull, 
roughened  appearance  and  in  many  cases  it  is  very  diffi- 
cult for  it  to  eat,  especially  where  the  disease  separates 
the  ^nims  and  bone  from  the  teeth  and  causes  them 
to  become  vexy  loose  or  to  drop  out.  The  animal  i" 
the  latter  stages  of  this  disease  generally  dies  from 

starvation. 

Treatment  :  Successful  in  its  first  stages.  Soft,  ni- 
trogenous food  should  be  fed,  such  as  wheat  bran  mashes, 
steamed  rolled  oats  or  barley,  hay  dampened  with  clean 
water,  so  as  to  make  it  pliable.  Hay  containing  woody 
matter  as  stems,  etc.,  should  not  be  fed  to  an  animal  af 
fected  with  Lumpy  J&w  as  it  tends  to  aggravate  the  dis- 
ease. Internally  in  their  drinking  water  give  two  drams 
of  Potassium  Iodide  morning  and  night.  This  treat- 
ment, however,  should  be  omitted  when  the  animal's  skin 
becomes  scaly  or  when  an  excessive  watery  discharge 


. 


138 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


flows  from  the  eyes.  On  the  outer  surface  over  the  en- 
largement apply  the  following  ointment :  Red  Iodide  of 
Mercury,  four  drams;  Lard,  two  ounces.  Mix  well  and 
rub  in  briskly  for  twenty  minutes  every  five  or  six  days 
for  three  weeks.  The  cure  can  generally  be  ascertained 
by  the  animal  gaining  in  flesh,  fdthough  tae  lump  may 
remain.  "Where  Lumpy  Jaw  is  of  long  star.ding  so  as  to 
impair  the  use  of  the  animal's  tongue  or  teeth,  it  is  best 
to  destroy  the  animal,  as  this  lessens  the  possibilities  of 
infecting  healthy  animals. 


LUNG   FEVER 
(Pneumonia) 

Cause  :  Generally  follows  congestion  of  the  lungs.  It 
may  be  due  to  parasitic  organisms  or  exposure  to  cold, 
drafts  when  warm  after  being  driven,  etc.  DrcMiching 
perhaps  is  the  most  common  cause  as  it  is  very  difficult 
for  a  cow  to  swallow  when  the  head  is  elevated ;  inhaling 
smoke,  gases,  etc.,  also  tend  to  produce  pneumonia. 

Symptoms:  Chilling  or  shivering,  temperature  ele- 
vated to  10")='  or  106°  F.,  nose  hot  and  dry,  horns  and 
legs  cold.  Pulse  rapid  though  strong,  breathing  fast  and 
the  appetite  very  good  in  some  cases.  The  animal  uri- 
nates small  quantities  of  urine  but  often,  of  a  dark  amber 
color.  A  discharge  from  the  nose  follows,  also  a  cough. 
If  the  ear  is  placed  back  of  the  fore  leg,  a  dry  crackling 
sound  can  be  heard  something  on  the  order  of  rubbing 
hair  between  the  fingers. 

Treatment:  Place  the  animal  in  a  dry,  well  lighted 
and  ventilated  stable,  but  avoid  drafts.  Give  Pulv.  Iodide 
of  Ammonia,  one  ounce;  Pulv.  Potassium  Nitrate,  four 
ounces ;  Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  four  ounces ;  Pulv.  Capsicum, 
one  ounce;  Quinine,  one  ounce.  Mix  well  and  make  into 
thirty-two  powders.  Place  one  powder  in  gelatin  cap- 
sule and  administer  every  three  or  four  hours  with  cap- 
sule gun.     Supply  the  animal  with  fresh  water  at  all 


I     ! 


yw 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


139 


times.  Feed  laxative  food  as  hot  wheat  bran  mashes  or 
steamed  rolled  oats.  Also  feed  vegetables,  such  as  pota- 
toes, apples,  carrots  and  kale.  It  is  also  advisable  to  ap- 
ply the  following  over  the  region  of  the  lungs  just  back 
of  the  fore  legs :  Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  four  ounces ; 
Oil  of  Turpentine,  four  ounces;  Raw  Linseed  Oil,  six 
ounces.  Mix  and  shake  well  and  apply  two  or  three  times 
daily.  It  is  also  advisable  to  hand  rub  the  legs  nnd  band- 
age them  with  woolen  cloths. 

If  the  above  treatment  is  properly  carried  out,  the 
animal  will  make  a  complete  recovery  in  a  week  or  ten 

days.  

LOSS  OF  CUD 
Cavse  :  This  condition  cannot  always  be  traced  to  a 
definite  cause,  as  it  is  a  symptom  of  all  diseases  where 
the  process  of  rumination  is  interfered  with.  The  only 
method  by  which  a  cow  will  again  chew  her  cud  is  to  re- 
store her  back  to  health  by  the  proper  medical  treatment. 
Artificial  cuds  are  of  no  value  and  frequently  are  a  det- 
riment to  the  animal.  Other  symptoms  aside  from  those 
of  the  animal  not  chewing  cud  will  always  make  their 
appearance,  as  constipation,  diarrhoea,  elevation  of  the 
temperature,  etc.  The  animal  should  be  thoroughly 
examined  and  the  disease  treated  under  its  special  head- 
ing.   


MANGE 


(Scabies) 
Cause  :  There  are  four  different  parasites  which  pro- 
duce Mange  or  Scabies  in  cattle.  However,  three  of 
these  parasites  -^re  rarely  seen.  The  Symbotis  Com- 
munis is  the  parasite  commonly  seen  in  American  cat- 
tle. These  parasites  multiply  very  rapidly  and  are  con- 
veyed from  diseased  animals  to  healthy  ones  by  their 
bodies  coming  in  contact  with  one  another  and  by  healthy 
animals  rubbing  against  fences,  walls,  posts,  etc.,  where 
mangy  cattle  have  previously  rubbed. 


14U 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


Symptoms:  Scabs,  loss  of  hair,  intense  itcliing,  tlic 
animals  are  constantly  rubbing  or  licking  themselves. 
The  parts  showing  the  tirst  signs  of  Mange  are  those 
about  the  croup,  or  the  root  of  the  tail,  the  neck  and 
withers,  but  as  the  disease  progresses  and  no  attenijits 
are  offered  for  its  eradication,  it  finally  spreads  ami 
covers  the  entire  body.  The  scj '-  become  ulcerated,  tlie 
animal  becomes  weakened,  eiruc'      d  and  eventually  dies. 

Treatment:  Dipping  in  wood  or  concrete  vats  is  the 
most  satisfactory  method  of  treating  Mange.  The  reg- 
ular lime  and  sulphur  dip  as  recommended  by  the  Uniteil 
States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  is  inexpensive  and 
effective.  

MEASLY  BEEF 

Is  produced  by  a  larva  of  common  tapewonn  of  man. 
These  small  tapeworm  cysts  (taenia  saginata)  are  about 
the  size  of  a  pea  and  found  in  the  flesh  of  cattle,  which 
become  infected  l)y  eating  food  or  drinking  wat.'r  whieli 
has  been  contaminated  by  the  feces  of  persons  harbor- 
ing adult  tapeworms.  Then  again,  the  person  Ijecomes 
infected  by  eating  raw  or  rare  flesh  of  cattle  infected  with 
the  larva  stage  of  Measly  Beef.  Great  care  should  be 
exercised  to  prevent  cattle  from  becoming  infested  with 
this  parasite.  Persons'  feces  should  not  be  placed  where 
it  will  infect  food  or  drinking  water  that  is  consumed  by 
cattle.  

MILK  FEVER 
(Parturient  Apoplexy) 
Cause:  Certain  conditions  predispose  cows  to  Milk 
Fever,  as  being  heavy  milk  producers,  cows  having  enor- 
mous digestive  power  and  being  heavily  fed  on  nitrog- 
enous food  naturally  are  in  a  good  condition,  conse- 
quently at  the  time  of  calving,  or  shortly  after,  they  are 
likely  to  develop  a  case  of  Milk  Fever.  It  is  more  com- 
mon during  summer  months,  although  this  condition  may 
develop  at  any  time  of  the  year  in  the  type  of  cow  de- 
scribed above. 


i^flWim. 


DISEASES   OF    CATTLE 


141 


Symptoms:  At  or  a  few  days  after  calving,  the  cow  is 
noticed  liaii>;lng  hack  in  the  stall,  dull,  languid,  with  an 
unsteady  movement  of  the  hind  legs.  If  the  cow  is  made 
to  walk,  she  st<'ps  unsteadily  or  staggers,  pays  no  atten- 
tion to  her  calf;  she  finally  hecomes  so  paralyzed  that 
she  falls  and  is  unable  to  rise.  The  pupils  of  the  eyes  are 
dilated  and  the  membranes  reddened  or  congested  with 
blood.  The  cow  may  lie  on  her  breast  or  flat  on  her  side, 
but  most  likely  upon  her  breast  and  her  head  turned  in 
the  region  of  the  flank.  She  apparently  is  sound  asleep. 
If  the  eyeball  is  touched  with  the  fingers  she  does  not 
close  the  eye,  nor  will  she  evince  any  pain  when  being 
pricked  with  a  pin  on  any  part  of  the  body.  The  nose 
is  dry,  the  temperature  is  below  normal  in  most  cases. 
Just  how  the  name  of  this  disease  started  by  the  name 
of  "Milk  Fever"  I  cannot  understand. 

Treatment:  When  the  above  signs  are  noticed, 
\ihether  the  cow  is  standing  or  lying  down  in  a  paralyzed 
condition,  obtain  an  ordinary  bulb  injection  syringe;  in- 
sert a  tube  in  the  end  from  which  the  air  escapes.  After 
washing  both  syringe  .-xud  teat  tube  in  a  five  per  cent  so- 
lution of  Carbolic  Acid,  milk  or  strip  out  all  the  milk 
possible  from  the  bag,  then  insert  the  teat  tube  that  is 
connected  to  the  syringe  in  each  teat,  filling  ♦hem  well 
with  air,  and  repeat  this  treatment  every  hour  until  the 
cow  stops  staggering,  or  if  lying  down,  stands  on  her 
feet.  It  is  necessary  to  strip  the  milk  from  the  bag  be- 
fore giving  an  injection  of  a^r.  If  the  cow  is  lying  flat 
on  her  side,  prop  her  up  by  placing  bags  of  hay  or  straw 
against  her  side,  also  make  her  as  comfortable  as  pos- 
sible. If  lying  in  the  hot  sun,  provide  shade  by  placing 
a  canopy  over  her  made  from  burlap;  if  the  weather  is 
chilly,  blanket ;  if  flies  annoy  her,  use  some  fly  repellant. 

This  disease  is  satisfactorily  treated.  Where  ninety 
per  cent  of  the  cows  died  at  one  time,  ninety  per  cent 
can  be  saved  by  the  above  treatment.  It  is  a  custom  with 
some  people  to  use  an  ordinary  bicycle  pump  for  treat- 


142 


THE    VETERINARIAN 


ment  of  Milk  Fever.  Tliia  should  not  be  practiced,  as 
there  is  ^reat  danger  of  infecting  the  bag  and  producing 
serious  complications. 

Medical  or  After  Treatment:  Never  drench  a  cow. 
Give  a  i)hysic  consisting  of  Aloin,  two  drams;  Ginger, 
three  drams.  Place  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  » 
,  capsule  gun.  Also,  give  tonics  as  Pulv.  Gentian  Root, 
two  ounces;  Pulv.  Cai)sieum,  one  ounce;  Pulv.  Nux  Vom- 
ica, two  ounces.  Mix  and  place  into  eight  gelatin  cap- 
sules. Give  one  cajisule  every  eiglit  hours.  This  tonic  is 
quite  necessary,  as  it  stinmlates  their  appetite,  braces  uj) 
their  nervous  system  and  prevents  any  complications 
that  might  otherwise  follow. 


PARALYSIS 

(Congestion  of  the  Brain  or  Spinal  Cord) 
Cause:  May  be  due  to  a  morbid  condition  of  the 
brain  or  spinal  cord,  concussion  of  the  spinal  cord, 
fractures  of  the  bones  of  the  spinal  column,  or  violent 
shocks  or  jars  of  the  brain,  or  pressure  due  to  fractures 
of  the  skull,  or  dilated  or  ruptured  blood  vessels.  Paraly- 
sis also  occurs  in  poorly  fed,  weak  cows  when  exposed 
to  cold  or  wet  weather  during  the  latter  stages  of  preg- 
nancy. Sometimes  the  back  portion  of  the  bowels  (the 
rectmn)  becomes  paralyzed  so  as  to  interfere  with  the 
expulsion  of  tlie  feces  which  becomes  dry  and  more  O" 
less  impacted.  This  condition  may  also  occur  in  connec- 
tion with  Ergot,  Forage  or  Lead  Poisoning,  Milk  Fever  or 
Parturient  Apoplexy. 

Symptoms:  Appear  very  suddenly.  The  animal  is 
unable  to  stand,  lies  quietly  and  groans  occasionally. 
Constipation  generally  accompanies  this  eoiulition. 
Sometimes  great  pain  is  present,  especiallv  if  due  to 
fracture  or  pressure,  as  above  mentioned. 

Treatmext:  If  just  due  to  weakness;  expo:-nro  t=-- 
cold,  wet  wather;  cows  prior  to  calving;  slight  in- 
juries or  mild  effect  of  poisons,  it  is  successfully  treated 


mu, 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


143 


by  placing  the  animal  in  a  comfortable,  wvW  lighted  stall, 
omitting;  drafts,  feeding  nourishing  food,  as  warm  wlieat 
l)ran  mashes,  steamed  rolled  oats  or  barley  and  litiseed 
meal;  tea  to  drink  i)repared  as  follfi  '■  •.    Pour  one  quart 
of  boiling  water  on  one-half  pint  of  Pure  Flaxseed,  al- 
lowing it  to  cool,  and  compel  the  animal  to  drink  it.    Re- 
])('at  this  once  or  twice  daily,  especially  if  the  aninml  is 
pregnant.     A  physic  consisting  of  Aloin,  two  drams; 
Ciinger,  two  drams;  prepared  in  capsule  and  given  with 
a  capsule  gun  is  very  effective,  Imt  this,  however,  should 
not  be  administered  to  heavily  pregnant  cows.    Endeavor 
to  move  their  bowels  by  careful  feeding  of  laxative  food 
and  rectal  injections  of  soap  and  water.    Nerve  stim-' 
hints  are  necessary  and  I  have  derived  good  results  froi. 
the  following:     Pulv.  Nux  Vomica,  four  ounces;  Pulv. 
Ginger,  four  ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces. 
Make  into  sixteen  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  every 
four  or  six  hours.    Also  apply  powdered  mustard,  mois- 
tened with  a  sufficient  quantity  of  water  to  make  a  paste, 
and  rub  over  the  full  length  of  the  spine  about  eight 
inches  in  width.     This  should  be  covered  with  paper 
which  will  adhere  readily  to  the  mustard  and  water. 
This  application  can  be  repeated  every  twenty-four  hours 
until  satisfactorv  results  have  been  obtained. 


RED  WATER 

(Hematuria) 

Cause:  Marshy  pastures,  water  from  rich  decom- 
posed soil.  Vegetation  also  has  a  tendency  to  produce 
it  as  cattle  eating  green  shoots  from  oak,  ash,  hellebore, 
hazel  and  other  resinous  plants,  etc. 

Symptoms:  Bloody  urine  containing  no  blood  clots. 
This  condition  is  not  noticed  as  a  general  rule  until  the 
cow  loses  flesh  and  the  production  of  milk  is  considera- 
bly decreased.  One  particular  symptom  of  this  disease 
is  the  milk  being  exceptionally  foaiiiV  and  perhaps  tinged 
with  blood.  If  the  disease  is  left  to  run  its  course,  the 
cow  will  become  emaciated  and  even^-  ^^'   '^'    v 


144 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


Treatment  :  Find  out  the  cause  and  remove  it  if  pos- 
sible. See  that  the  water  supply  is  clean,  feed  nitrog- 
enous food,  as  wheat  bran  mashes  or  steamed  rolled  oats. 
Do  not  permit  the  animal  to  eat  resinous  plants  as  stated 
above. 

Administer  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  four  ounces;  Pulv. 
Nux  Vomica,  four  ounces;  Pulv.  Ferri  Sulphate,  four 
ounces.  Mix  and  make  into  sixteen  capsules  and  give 
one  capsule  two  or  three  times  a  day  with  capsule  gun. 
If  the  animal  is  constipated,  give  two  drams  of  Aloin, 
three  drams  of  Ginger.  Place  in  capsule  and  give  with 
capsule  gun.  

RETAINED   AFTERBIRTH 

Cause:  Retained  afterbirth  may  follow  normal  or 
abnormal  calving  where  there  has  been  more  or  less  in- 
flammation of  the  womb  prior  to  giving  birth,  which 
causes  the  afterbirth  to  adhere  iSrmly  to  its  attachments. 
Cows  in  poor  condition  fed  on  poor  food  during  cold 
weather  are  very  susceptible  to  this  accident ;  also  very 
common  in  aged  cows. 

Symptoms:  Very  easily  detected  by  portions  of  the 
membranes  (afterbirth)  protruding  from  the  Womb  or 
Vulva,  which  becomes  decomposed  very  shortly  and  offen- 
sive in  odor.  This  accident  is  very  serious  when  ab- 
sorption is  produced,  ill  health,  drying  up  of  the  milk  in 
addition  to  producing  inflammation  of  the  womb.  Whites, 
etc.  It  may  produce  blood-poisoning  and  chances  are 
you  will  lose  your  animal. 

Prevextiox  :  Very  important.  Feed  the  cow  on  food 
that  is  easily  digested  and  supply  her  with  fresh  water 
to  drink  that  is  not  too  cold.  Flaxseed  Tea  is  very  bene- 
ficial if  given  a  day  or  so  prior  to  calving  and  is  pre- 
pared by  pouring  a  quart  of  boiling  hot  water  on  one- 
half  pint  of  Flaxseed,  permitting  it  to  cool  of  its  own 
accord.  Then  compel  the  animal  to  drink  it.  This  ap- 
pears to  have  a  very  good  effect  on  separating  the  aft- 


I    I 


UMm. 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


145 


erbirth  from  the  mushroom-like  bodies  of  the  womb  to 
which  it  is  attached. 

Medical  Treatment:  The  afterbirth  should  not  be 
pulled  away  by  force,  as  it  may  tear,  leaving  small  por- 
tions unremoved  that  perhaps  would  result  in  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  Womb  or  Whites,  To  remove  the  afterbirth 
insert  the  hand  and  carefully  detach  it  from  its  attach- 
ments, being  very  careful  that  the  cotyledons  are  not 
torn  off.  After  this  has  been  carefully  removed,  wash 
out  the  womb  with  Carbolic  Acid  solution  about  two  and 
one-half  per  cent.  An  instrument  can  be  made  for  this 
purpose  very  easily  from  a  clean  piece  of  hose  about 
four  feet  long  and  an  ordinary  funnel.  Sometimes  it  is 
necessary  to  give  physics,  as  Aloin,  two  drams ;  Ginger, 
two  drams.  Place  in  a  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with 
capsule  gun. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  stimulants  are  also  advisable 
such  as  powdered  Nux  Vomica,  powdered  Capsicum, 
powdered  Ginger,  powdered  Nitrate  of  Potash,  equal 
parts  four  ounces.  Make  twenty-four  capsules  and  give 
one  capsule  three  times  a  day. 


RHEUMATISM 

Cause  :  Exposure,  especially  when  the  animal  is  per- 
mitted to  lie  on  cold  damp  soils  or  floors.  Another  com- 
mon cause  is  an  animal  exposed  to  cold  drafts  after  per- 
spiring or  weakened  after  severe  physical  exercise. 

Symptoms:  Stiffness  when  walking,  variable  appe- 
tite, constipation,  hair  unthrifty  looking.  Passage  of 
urine  is  scant  and  of  an  amber  color,  usually  slight  ele- 
vation in  temperature  and  the  animal  lies  down  a  great 
part  of  the  time.  There  are  two  forms  of  rheumatism — 
muscular  and  articular.  The  former  affects  the  muscles 
of  the  body,  while  the  latter  affects  the  joints.  There 
will  be  swellings  that  are  tender  on  pressure,  w^hich  may 
shift  to  different  parts  of  the  body. 

Treatment:    Place  the  animal  in  warm  dry  quarters 

10 


146 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


with  a  sufficient  quantity  of  clean  bedding.  Feed  foods 
that  are  easily  digested,  as  wheat  bran  mashes  and 
steamed  rolled  oats  and  vegetables.  Keep  pure,  cold 
water  within  the  animal's  reach  at  all  times.  The  fol- 
lowing prescription  has  1*oen  found  very  effective  in  the 
treatment  of  this  disease :  Sodium  Salicylate,  six  ounces ; 
Nux   Vomica,   two    ounces;    Pulv.    Gentian   Root,   two 


Ayrshire  Cows  Lily  of  Willowmoor. 

:2,100  lljs.  Milk;  S8S.70  lbs.  Fat;  1046  lbs.  Butter,  t.OZr'ii  Fat. 

Oerr.\xtox  Dor.v  TI. 

';i,023  lbs.  Milk;   804.79  lbs.  Fnt ;  947  lbs.  Iluttcr,   S.'^SC'c   Fat. 

Owned  l>y  J.  W.  Clise,  Ke<lmoiiil,  Wash. 

ounces;  Nitrate  of  Potash,  two  ounces.  Mix  and  make 
into  sixteen  capsules  and  give  one  capsule  three  times 
daily  witli  capsule  gun.  If  the  bowels  are  constipated 
give  Aloin,  two  drams;  Ginger,  three  drams.  Place  in 
capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  When  the  joints  or 
muscles  become  swollen  and  inflamed,  the  following  lini- 
ment will  be  found  very  effective  in  reducing  the  swell- 


•  .»a.. 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


147 


ings:  Aqua  Ammonia  Fort.,  two  ounces;  Oil  of  Tur- 
pentine, three  ounces;  Sweet  Oil,  six  ounces.  Mix  and 
apply  by  rubbing  in  well  two  or  three  times  a  day. 

RINGWORM 

Cause:  Due  to  a  vegetable  parasite.  It  affects  the 
hair  and  the  outer  layer  of  skin  and  is  highly  contagious, 
being  transmitted  from  one  animal  to  another. 

Symptoms  :  The  disease  usually  appears  in  the  form 
of  circular  patches  of  the  skin,  which  soon  become  denude 
of  hair.  Sometimes  a  white  sticky  discharge  and  the 
formation  of  scaly,  brittle  crusts  on  the  patches  apv-oar, 
silvery  gray  in  color.  They  are  generally  confined  to 
the  head  and  neck.  It  is  a  common  disease  among  young 
cattle  in  the  Winter  and  Spring.  This  disease  Is  at- 
tended with  more  or  less  itching  and  is  communicable 
to  man. 

Treatment-  .  jve  the  scabs  or  crusts  with  soap 
and  warm  wa  However,  the  surface  of  the  body 

should  be  well  »  ..d  after  washing  each  time.  Apply 
Tincture  of  Iodine  with  a  camel-hair  brush  to  the  spots 
denuded  of  hair.  It  is  quite  necessary  that  the  barn  and 
rubbing  posts  be  disinfected  by  spraying  or  washing 
them  with  a  twenty-five  per  cent  solution  of  Carbolic 

Acid.  

ROUND  WORM 

Cause  :  An  animal  swallowing  the  eggs  of  the  parasite 
in  food  or  water  which  has  been  contaminated  with  the 
feces  of  infected  cattle.  There  are  two  species,  the  large 
Roundworm  measuring  from  five  to  fourteen  inches  in 
length,  the  other  small  Roundworm  varying  in  size 
from  one-quarter  of  an  inch  to  two  inches  in  length.  Both 
the  small  and  large  Roundworms  infest  the  intestines 
of  cattle  and  calves.  These  worms,  especially  small 
Roundworms,  irritate  the  mucous  lining  of  the  intes- 
tines, which  may  cause  severe  inflammation. 

Symptoms:    Anemia,    appetite    variable,    diarrhoea, 


148 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


general  weakness,  dullness  and  excessive  thirst;  also  a 
paleness  of  the  visible  membranes  of  the  mouth,  nose  and 
eye.  Worms  frequently  pass  with  the  feces  and  can  be 
readily  seen  by  a  close  observer. 

Preventive  Treatment:  See  prevention  of  Twistod 
Stomach  Worm. 

Medical  TREi7..ii;NT:  Withhold  all  food  from  eigh- 
teen to  twentv-iour  hours.  To  calves,  two  to  eight 
months  old,  give  two  teaspoonfuls  of  Turpentine  in  a  pint 
of  milk;  to  yearlings,  give  one  tablespoonful.  Place  in 
gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  To  cattle  on<» 
year  old  and  over  place  one  ounce  in  a  gelatin  capsuh' 
and  give  with  capsule  gun.  This  treatment  is  to  be  re- 
peated twice  during  the  intervals  of  ten  days  or  two 
weeks,  which  insures  the  expulsion  of  the  eggs  of  worms 
that  escaped  the  first  treatment.  Also  keep  salt  where 
cattle  can  lick  it  frequently. 


RUPTURE 
(Abdominal  Hernia) 

Cause:  This  disease  occasionally  occurs  in  calves  by 
receiving  blows  from  the  cow's  horns  on  the  right  flank. 
After  such  an  accident  a  swelling  forms  near  the  last 
ribs.  This  swelling  may  be  either  hot  and  painful  or  soft 
to  the  touch.  It  can  be  made  to  disappear  by  careful 
pressure  when  the  sides  of  the  rupture  through  which 
it  has  passed  can  be  felt.  On  removing  the  pressure  the 
rupture  soon  regains  its  swollen  appearance.  Similar 
conditions  may  also  occur  in  aged  cattle,  usually  due 
to  injuries,  such  as  being  kicked  by  a  horse,  etc.,  or  due 
to  a  weakness  of  the  muscles  that  are  ruptured  some- 
times during  difficult  birth. 

Treatment:  Feed  the  animal  on  laxative  food  and 
feed  sparingly  on  bulky  food  such  as  hay,  straw  and 
grass.  Round  the  edges  of  a  block  of  wood  a  little 
smaller,  but  the  same  shape  as  the  rupture.  After  wrap- 
ping with  cloth  nicely,  place  it  over  the  rupture,  then 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


149 


place  around  the  body.  This  permits  the  ruptured  mus- 
cles to  grow  together,  providing  the  animal  is  properly 
dieted  as  stated  above. 

Sometimes  a  rupture  of  long  standing  or  a  newly  pro- 
duced rupture  may  be  treated  by  injecting  strong  solu- 
tions of  Common  Salt  around  the  torn  edges  of  the  mus- 
cles. This  causes  swelling  and  inflammation,  which  re- 
spectively forces  the  protruded  intestines  back  and  closes 
the  opening.  There  is  some  danger  attached  to  this 
method  of  treatment,  and  if  attempted  I  would  advise 
the  services  of  a  competent  Veterinarian. 

SCUM   OVER  THE  EYE 

Cause  :    See  Inflammation  of  the  Eye. 

Symptoms  :    The  eye  has  a  smoke-colored  appearance. 

Treatment:  Silver  Nitrate,  two  grains,  thoroughly 
dissolved  in  one  ounce  of  Distilled  Water.  Apply  with 
dropper  two  or  three  times  &  day.  Feed  the  animal  on 
food  that  is  easily  digested  and  confine  the  animal  to  a 
cool,  clean,  dark  stall.     

SORE   THROAT 

(Laryngitis  and  Pharyngitis) 
Cause  :    Sudden  cooling  of  the  surface  of  the  body,  as 
when  cattle  are  exposed  to  cold  weather  or  co',''  rain  or 
the  inhaling  of  irritating  gases. 

Symptoms:  The  muzzle  is  dry,  temperature  slightly 
elevated  and  saliva  dribbles  from  the  corners  of  the 
mouth.  The  ar-imal  either  does  not  swallow,  or  swallows 
with  great  difficulty,  and  holds  its  head  in  a  stiff,  straight 
position,  moving  it  as  little  as  possible.  The  eyelid,  are 
half-closed  and  bloodshot,  and  the  animal  occasionally 
grinds  the  teeth.  After  masticating  the  food  the  animal 
drops  it  out  of  its  mouth  as  if  to  avoid  the  pain  of  swal- 
lowing, and  also  evinces  great  pain  when  pressure  is 
applied  from  the  outside.  In  acute  attacks  of  =,ore 
!;hroat,   the   animal  coughs   with   great   difficulty   and 


150 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


breathes  very  noisily.  The  nostrils  are  dilated  and  nose 
extended. 

Treatment:  Place  the  animal  in  as  comfortable  a 
place  as  possible,  permitting  as  much  fresh  air  as  pos- 
sible, but  avoiding  drafts.  Blanket  the  animal  if  the 
weather  is  chilly,  also  hand  rub  the  legs  and  bandage 
with  woolen  cloths. 

Administer  Chlorate  of  Potash,  two  ounces ;  Nitrate  of 
Potash,  two  ounces;  Tannic  Acid,  one-half  ounce;  Mo- 
lasses, eight  ounces.  Mix  well  and  place  one  tablespoon- 
ful  on  the  tongue  every  three  or  four  hours.  Feed  soft 
food,  as  wheat  bran  mashes  and  steamed  rolled  oats,  or 
boiled  vegetables.  Give  drinking  water  with  the  chill 
taken  off. 

It  is  always  necessary  to  apply  liniments  to  the  throat, 
and  I  would  advise  the  application  of  Aqua  Ammonia 
Fort.,  four  ounces ;  Oil  of  Turpentine,  four  ounces,  and 
Sweet  Oil,  four  ounces.  Apply  and  rub  in  well  two  or 
three  times  a  dav.  


STRINGY   MILK 

Cause  :  Cows  wading  or  standing  in  stagnant  pools 
of  water.  Frequently  stringy  milk  results  from  fungi 
entering  the  udder.  This  takes  on  an  infectious  form, 
and  several  cows  may  become  affected  at  one  time. 

Symptoms  :  Although  the  milk  appears  perfeetlj^  nor- 
mal when  first  milked,  it  becomes  stringy  after  being  let 
stand  for  a  few  hours.  If  a  needle  is  inserted  in  the 
milk  and  slowlj'  withdrawn,  the  milk  will  adhere  to  the 
point  and  have  a  stringy  appearance.  If  the  cow  is  ex- 
amined carefully,  the  temperature  will  be  found  to  be 
elevated  a  degree  or  two,  the  appetite  poor  and  the 
nose  dry. 

Treatment:  Feed  laxative  food  and  see  that  they 
have  fresh  water  to  drink.  Also,  place  two  drams  of 
Soda  Bisulphite  once  or  twice  a  day  in  gelatin  capsule 
and  give  with  capsule  gun.    Do  not  permit  the  cow  to 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


151 


come  in  contact  with  stagnant  pools  of  water  that  carry 
this  infection.  Perhaps  the  best  plan  is  to  fence  out  all 
such  stagnant  pools  of  water. 

SUPPRESSION  OF  MILK 

(Absence  of  Milk) 
Cause:    Unusually  due  to  poor  health,  debility,  ema- 
ciated, chronic  disease  of  the  bag,  or  wasting  of  its 
glands  from  various  diseases  or  unpure  food.    Some- 
times this  condition  is  produced  without  any  apparent 

cause. 

Tbeatment:  Determine  the  cause,  if  possible,  and 
remove  it.  Feed  warm  wheat  bran  mashes,  steamed 
rolled  oats  or  barley.  Administer  Pulv.  Anise  Seed,  one- 
balf  ounce,  two  or  three  times  a  day.  This  has  a  very 
good  effect  in  this  particular  condition.  Also  rub  the 
bag  and  strip  the  teats  often,  and  apply  Oil  of  Lavender. 
The  majority  of  cases  respond  to  this  treatment  if  not 
due  to  chronic  disease  of  the  bag. 


TAPEWORM 

Cause:  Small  portions  of  tapeworms,  consisting  of 
one  or  more  segments,  are  occasionally  seen  in  the  drop- 
pings of  infected  cattle.  The  infection  is  undoubtedly 
taken  in  with  the  food  or  water,  infection  being  spread 
by  the  eggs  of  the  parasite,  and  being  expelled  with  the 
feces  of  an  infected  animal.  The  eggs  being  swallowed 
by  insects,  worms  or  snails,  which  act  as  an  intermediate 
host,  and  which  when  swallowed  accidentally  by  cattle 
while  grazing  or  drinking  carry  with  them  into  the 
animal's  stomach  the  infectious  stage  of  the  tapeworm. 
Aged  cattle  do  not  seem  to  suffer  much  from  tapeworms, 
but  in  calves  these  parasites  cause  scours  and  rapid 
emaciation. 

Symptoms:    Emaciation,  diarrhoea,  loss  of  flesh,  rave- 
nous appetite,  palenes    of  the  mucous  membranes  of  the 


152 


THE  VETERINARIAN 


mouth  and  eyes,  and  the  segments  of  the  tapeworms  can 
occasionally  be  seen  in  the  droppings. 

Treatment:  Withhold  all  food  from  eighteen  to 
twenty-four  hours,  and  to  calves  from  two  to  eight 
months  old  give  two  teaspoonfuls  of  gasoline  in  a  pint 
of  milk.  To  yearlings,  place  one  tablespoonful  in  a 
gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  To  cattle  one 
year  and  over,  place  one  ounce  in  capsule  and  give  with 
capsule  gun.  Repeat  this  treatment  two  or  three  times 
during  intervals  of  a  week  or  two. 


TEXAS   FEVER 

Cause:  Due  to  a  micro  organism  (Piropalasna  Bi- 
genium)  which  imbeds  itself  in  the  red  blood  corpuscles. 
This  disease  is  transmitted  or  scattered  by  means  of  a 
tick  which  drops  from  the  affected  animal.  The  disease 
has  various  names,  according  to  the  locality  in  which 
it  appears.  Among  them  are:  Spanish  Fever,  Red 
Water,  Black  Water,  Red  Murrian,  Australian  Cattle 
Tick  Fever,  etc. 

Symptoms:  Loss  of  appetite.  The  animal  ceases  to 
ruminate,  or  does  not  chew  the  cud,  and  every  sign  of 
unthriftiness  is  displayed ;  a  high  temperature,  and  when 
the  animal  is  standing  the  l)ack  is  arched,  but  the  animal, 
however,  prefers  to  lie  down  most  of  the  time  and  shows 
desire  for  solitude.  The  urine  is  very  dark  in  color, 
hence  the  name  "Red  or  Black  Water."  The  disease  is 
usually  fatal,  the  animal  dies  within  a  few  weeks. 

Treatment:  My  advice  is,  when  this  disease  once 
develops,  or  an  animal  shows  any  of  the  particular  signs 
that  I  have  mentioned,  secure  the  services  of  a  competent 
veterinarian,  who  will  immunize  by  the  use  of  serums, 
disinfectants,  etc.  

TICKS 

Ticks  are  very  difficult  to  kill,  on  account  of  their  pro- 
tected location,  as  ear  ticks  are  not  affected  by  dipping. 


11 


DISEASES   OF  CATTLE 


153 


and  remedies  strong  enough  for  this  prrpose  are  liable 
to  injure  the  animal,  but  these  parasites  may  be  expelled 
by  pouring  into  the  ear  Carbolated  Sweet  or  Cottonseed 
Oil  with  favorable  results. 


TUBERCULOSIS 

Cause  :  The  bacilli  of  Tuberculosis  thrive  in  animals, 
('special ly  those  in  a  weakened  condition,  or  when  ex- 
posed to  atmospheric  changes,  unwholesome  food,  dark 
and  poorly  ventilated  stables.  They  gain  entrance  into 
the  body  through  the  lungs  or  the  intestinal  canal.  They 
lodge  in  various  portions  of  the  lungs  or  intestines,  and 
multiply  very  rapidly,  causing  irritations  and  forma- 
tions, nodules,  cysts  or  abscesses.  They  are  the  means 
of  the  bacillus  entering  the  blood,  which  carries  the 
infection  to  other  parts  of  the  body,  as  the  spleen,  liver, 
udder,  womb,  etc.  Cows  affected  with  generalized  tuber- 
culosis, that  is  to  say,  the  infection  is  confined  to  not 
only  a  small  portion  of  the  lungs,  but  also  to  any  of 
the  above  mentioned  organs,  etc.,  may  give  birth  to  a 
calf  having  general  tuberculosis  at  birth,  or  shortly 
after,  due  to  the  cow's  blood  circulating  through  the 
body  of  the  calf  before  birth. 

Symptoms  :  This  disease  may  pass  a  casual  observer 
unnoticed,  although  in  some  instances  we  notice  a  slight 
cough,  unthriftiness,  dullness.  The  coughing  is  best 
marked  after  taking  a  drink  of  water  in  the  morning 
and  then  being  exercised.  Some  animals  keep  up  in  good 
condition  and  look  perfectly  healthy  while  some  get 
emaciated,  have  constipation,  variable  appetite,  and 
sometimes  growths  or  abscesses  can  be  felt  or  seen  in 
the  udder  or  glands  of  the  body  and  neck. 

However,  cattle  showing  any  weakness,  or  the  above 
symptoms,  should  be  tested  for  tuberculosis  by  a  com- 
petent veterinarian  who  has  had  the  privileges  of  a 
veterijiary  education  and  experience  in  the  administra- 
tion of  tuberculin. 


If  - 


H 

li 

'if"  i 


154 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


Treatment  :  It  is  not  advisable  to  treat  tuberculosis. 
Thus  far,  medicine  has  failed  to  relieve  the  affected 
animal,  or  kill  the  bacillus  of  tuberculosis  in  a  living 
animal.  The  infected  animals  should  be  disposed  of  on 
account  of  tubercular  cows  giving  birth  to  tubercular 
calves,  the  milk  being  unfit  for  human  consumption,  un- 
less it  is  thoroughly  pasteurized.  Infected  cattle  should 
be  separated  from  healthy  ones,  as  the  disease  spreads 
very  rapidly.  Drinking  and  feeding  troughs  are  a 
means  of  spreading  the  infection,  therefore,  suspected 
oases  of  tuberculosis  should  be  tested  and  if  the  animals 
react,  they  should  be  slaughtered,  and  if  the  di^st'ase  is 
localized,  passed  for  human  consumption.  The  meat  of 
animals  suspected  of  having  tuberculosis,  or  reacting 
from  tuberculin  test,  should  be  well  cooked. 


il 


TWISTED    STOMACH    WORM 

Cause:  Cattle  become  a'lected  with  this  worm  by 
grazing  in  pastures  in  which  infested  cattle  have  grazed 
and  scattered  their  droppings.  The  worms  in  the 
stomach  produce  a  multitude  of  ggs  of  microscopic  size, 
which  pass  out  of  the  body  wnii  the  feces.  In  warm 
weather,  these  eggs  hatch  in  a  few  hours ;  if  the  temper- 
ature remains  about  freezing  point,  they  soon  die.  The 
eggs  are  also  desti'oyed  by  dryness,  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  moisture,  if  the  weather  is  warm,  favors  their  de- 
velopment. The  twisted  worm  measures  one-half  inch 
to  one  and  one-half  inches  in  length. 

Symptoms:  General  weakness,  loss  of  flesh,  anemia, 
dullness,  capricious  appetite,  excessive  thirst,  paleness  of 
the  skin  and  mucous  membranes  of  the  mouth  and  eyes, 
and  dropsical  swelling,  especially  that  of  the  lower  jaw. 
Diarrhoea  always  accompanies  this  condition  and  if  the 
feces  is  carefully  examined  the  small  worms  may  be  seen 
wriggling  about  like  little  snakes,  or  when  an  animal 
dies,  and  the  fourth  stomach  is  opened,  these  worms  can 
be  seen  in  large  quantities. 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


155 


Treatment:  Preventive  measures  are  important,  as 
damp,  marshy  soil  favors  the  development  of  the  em- 
bryos. High  sloping  ground  is  preferable  for  pasture. 
If  low  ground  is  used  it  should  be  properly  drained; 
burning  over  the  pasture  will  destroy  most  cf  the  young 
worms  on  the  grass  and  on  the  ground.  Cattle  should 
be  supplied  with  water  from  flowing  streams  or  wells 
and  not  stagnant  ponds. 

Medical  Treatment:  Withhold  all  food  for  twenty- 
four  hours  r  then  administer  Oil  of  Turpentine,  placing 
it  in  an  ounce  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  Fol- 
low in  six  hours  with  a  physic  consisting  of  Aloin,  two 
drams;  Ginger,  two  drams.  Place  in  capsule  and  give 
with  capsule  gun.  When  this  worm  develops  in  calves, 
give  as  follows :  One  dram  of  Turpentine  to  a  calf  three 
months  old,  four  drams  to  a  calf  six  months  old,  six 
drams  to  a  yearling.  To  cattle  two  years  and  over,  give 
equivalent  dose,  or  an  ounce.  The  physic  should  l)e 
reduced  in  the  same  proportions  as  that  of  Turpentine. 


VERMINOUS  BRONCHITIS 

(Lung  Worms) 

Cause:  Due  to  worm  or  parasite  called  Strongylus 
Micrurus,  a  small  thread-like  worm  two  to  four  inches 
ill  length,  found  in  the  bronchial  tubes,  a  portion  of  the 
lungs.  The  life  history  of  this  parasite  is  not  known, 
l)ut  infection  is  apparently  derived  through  the  medium 
of  pastures  where  infested  cattle  have  grazed.  Young 
cattle  are  more  seriously  affected  than  old  animals,  es- 
pecially common  in  low  marshy  pastures. 

Symptoms:  This  form  of  bronchitis  usually  affects  the 
entire  herd;  the  animals  become  poor,  unthrifty,  hack- 
ing, coughing,  especially  at  night,  and  sometimes  animals 
actually  cough  up  worms. 

Treatment:  Various  treatments  have  been  recom- 
mended for  Verminous  Bronchitis,  or  Lung  Worm,  as 


156 


THE    VETKHl  n'AIUAX 


injecting  Turpentine  into  tli  \.  i;i'!|'in,'  or  fi  .ugatin- 
aninials  by  plnciii);  tlu-in  in  n  'dsou  s]  .-d  or  Itam  an-l 
burning  sulphur,  eonipcllinj;  li.c  afle'';*'!  animals  tt» 
inhalo  the  i'mnt-s.  Tl  is  Ireatnu'nt  perluijis  is  the  Half^i 
and  tlio  most  cfTcctive.  A  person  should  reiiiji'ii  in  i\\,' 
enclosed  shed  and  wliei'  the  I'nnies  heconn  >«»  str mu' 
that  there  is  danjrer  of  sutTocation.  open  tin  doors  mu, 
windows.  This  treatment  should  he  repeated  every  wei  k 
until  cous^liinjj  ceases. 


HOLSTEIN    Cow    FlNDERXE    pRIDE    .TuHANA    RiE    121083. 
2S,403,7  Ibfl.  Milk;   1.1T(I.47     l^3.  Tutter  Fat. 
Sonier!<et  Holstcin   Breeders  Co.,  Soiiiervilli  .   N    .1.     WorM's  1<. 


•sit 


HI' 


WARBLES    OR    GRUBS 

Cause:  By  the  heel-fly  or  warble-fly.  They  d< 
their  eggs  on  the  legs  of  cattle  during  the  fall, 
animal,  licking  the  parts,  takes  the  egiis  into  its  ino;  iii. 
These  eggs  gradually  migrate  into  the  g..llei.  where  they 
hatch  and  burrow  through  the  tissues,  and  In  the  early 


"  -  <&■  ^>ii 


. 


DISEASES    (>F    CA'ITLE 


157 


spriiij;  will  lie  fot  ud  in  tin-  r»'<fion  of  tlin  back  iu  tiie  *"'  mi 
of  fsiiiail  lumps  uikUt  the  skin 

Symptoms:  Warlilcs  jir<'  1  pqiumtly  seci  md  lio 
skin  in  the  rej?ion  of  tli"  i)ack  and  o\  r  tin  loin^,  uni 
are  very  tender  to  the  toil'  ii.  A'hen  "V  ar  fully  de- 
veloped they  work  ♦  'ir  way  ?lirouKli  tlic  m>  n,  whieli 
usually  oeenrs  in  tli  early  |tH  t  of  *he  sunn  ler.  Ex- 
ainiiK  your  cattle  in  the  vinter  ad  spring  for  the 
preseifoe  of  Kfub-  They  can  'm«  ♦•asily  found  hy  run- 
iiiiij;  the  liand  ov<f  t!l^'  loins,  l>^'  abrupt  swellings  or 
hunehes  on  the  skin.  'ressui'*'  hi  tin  swellings  will 
I)erhaps  cause  tin-  j>  'ubs  To  nop    oit. 

Treatmext:  Kemove  the  ltuis  liy  making  a  small 
incision  v  li  a  clean,  sharp  knit--  in  tl  center  of  the 
s\v»niu<r.  ri)'"  press  tiieni  out  and  i  each  cavity 
froi  which  ^1  «•  ^r-ib  iias  '  "en  extracted,  ui  squeezed  out, 
sho'  id  l)e  'tc'  a  fiv'    I'^r  <rei  ;  solution  of  Carbolized 

Sw  t  ' 'il  ,-  ,.i<'vcjit  an  farther  development  of  flies 
(I  ^rnbs.  <  !ttl'  sj.  nyed  th  *  re}>e!!ants  during  the 
sjiiing  and  sunn  r  are  v^  sel'^om  bothered  with  war- 
Ides  or  giubs.     itowevrr,  is    ,ot  practical  in  range 

catti       dijjpinir  instead  shou        -e  resorted  to-,  and  it  is 
surpr-ing  v  ^at  results  will  Ik    derived  from  fly  repel- 
iarits  ill  a  ye.      ir  two.    They  will  practically  extennmatf 
the  pf  st,    n        nsequently  the  cattle  are  thrifty  and  look 
•u  H  ^)ettei 


OOU 


WARTS 
vVarts  may  appear  on  various  parts  of  the 
1  e  due  to  an  abnormal  growth  of  cells  growing 
iter  surface  of  healthy  skin,  or  they  may  grow 
iiat  is  deprived  of  the  proper  blood  supply. 
;xt:     If  the   wart   is  located   where  there 
air  surrounding  it,  cut  away  the  l)air,  tlien  wash  the 
art  and  surrounding  parts  w  ith  a  five  per  cent  solution 
of  Carbolic  Acid  and  clip  the  wart  off  with  a  sharp  pair 
of  scissors  or  knife.     After  the  wart  is  removed,  can 


npon 
pon  sh 
Trea 


V 

Ai 


mi 


158 


THE  VETERINARIAN 


terize  the  cut  surface  with  a  hot  iron.  Caustic  Potash 
or  Silver  Nitrate  should  be  applied  two  or  three  times 
at  the  intervals  of  two  or  three  days  to  insure  the  entire 
extermination  of  the  wart.  This  same  treatment  applies 
to  all  classes  of  warts  located  in  various  places. 


WHITES 

(Leucorrhea) 

Cause  :  Continual  chronic  inflammation  of  the  womb, 
or  due  to  irritations  from  a  retained  afterbirth.  Inju- 
ries or  wounds  inflicted  by  hands  or  instruments  in 
difficult  calving,  diseases  of  the  ovaries,  etc. 

Symptoms:  A  glarish,  white  discharge  from  the 
womb.  When  cow  is  lying  down  it  flows  more  abundantly, 
soiling  the  tail,  etc.  The  general  health  may  not  be  much 
affected  at  first,  but  if  the  discharge  continues  and  is 
putrid,  the  health  fails,  the  milk  shrinks,  and  there  is  a 
great  loss  of  flesh.  In  some  cases  heat  is  more  frequent 
or  intense  than  natural,  but  the  animal  rarely  conceives 
when  served,  and  if  she  does,  is  likely  to  abort. 

Treatment  :  Feed  nitrogenous  food.  Wash  the  wonil) 
out  with  a  solution  consisting  of  five  grains  of  Perman- 
ganate of  Potash  to  one  quart  of  water.  This  should  Ix' 
repeated  once  or  twice  a  day.  If  the  animal  is  consti- 
pate<l,  give  two  drams  of  Aloin,  three  drams  of  Ginger. 
Place  in  gelatin  capsule  and  give  with  capsule  gun.  Also 
place  Potassium  Iodide  one  dram,  Hyposulphite  of  Soda 
one  ounce  in  the  drinking  water  two  or  three  times  a 
day.  This  not  only  diminishes  the  discharge,  but  has  a 
good  effect  on  the  blood,  particularly  where  there  is  more 
or  less  decomposition  of  the  flesh. 


WOLF    IN    THE   TAIL 

This  condition  is  imaginary,  although  the  muscles  of 
the  tail  relax  or  soften,  especially  those  of  its  extremity, 
due  to  ill  health ;  consequently  the  condition  of  the  cow 
should  be  treated,  and  not  the  tail. 


t||i 


DISEASES   OF   CATTLE 


159 


Treatment  :  Remove  the  cause.  Perhaps  the  animal 
has  indigestion,  or  a  cold,  etc.  Determine  the  malady 
hy  careful  examination  and  treat  the  disease  under  its 
special  heading. 

It  has  been  a  custom  among  the  so-called  cow  doctors 
to  split  the  tail  with  a  sharp  knife,  then  fill  the  wound 
with  salt  and  pepper  and  bandage  with  a  cloth.  This  is 
a  fallacy,  and  should  not  be  tolerated. 


INTEREST   TABLE 

Six  per  Cent 


f  ;  a  'i   V 


Time.  .Aiiit. 
Iday 

2  days 

3  days 

4  days 

5  days 

6  days 

7  days 

8  days 

9  days  .... 

10  days 

11  days 

12  days 

13  days 

14  days 

15  days  .... 

16  days 

17  daj-s  .... 

18  days 

19  days 

20  days 

21  days 

22  days 

23  days 

24  days 

25  days 

26  days  .... 

27  days 

28  days 

29  days 

1  month  . . . 

2  months  . . 

3  months  . . 

4  months  . . 

5  months  .  . 

6  months  . . 

7  months  . . 

8  months  . . 

9  months  . . 

10  months  .. 

11  months  .. 
1  year  . . .  . 


$1  .  $2 
0  ;  0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0  '. 

O' 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 
1 


0  : 

0: 
0 

o! 
o' 

0 

0 

0  ' 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

2 

3 

4 

.5 

6 

7 

8 

9 
10 
11 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


$4 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


o 

3 

5 

6 

8 

9 

11 

12 

14 

15 

17 

IH 


$.5 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


$6     $7  ;  $8 
0       0       0 


2 
2 

«     2 

'     2 

2 
o 

4 

6 
8 
10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
•24 


2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
5 
8 

10 
13 

18 
20 
23 
25 
28 
30 


0  ' 

0  '' 

0  ! 
1 

1  ' 
1  ' 

1  ! 
l' 
l| 

ii 

o  I 
0   J 

l\ 
o 

2  ' 


0  : 


0 

2 
2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 

2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
7 

11 
14 
IS 
21 
23 
28 


33 
36 


$9  !$10 

o'   o' 

O'     0 

ol    1 

I 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 

2 


3 
3 
3 
3 

3 

3 

6 

9 
12 
15 
18 
21 
24 

27  I  32      36 
30  I  35  '  40 
39  '  44 
42      48 


2 
2 

^i 

2' 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

8 
12 
16 
20 
24 
28 
32 


2  : 

2' 
2  ^ 
2  I 

2 
2 

2' 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

9 

14 

18 

23 

27 

32 


50 
54 


3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
5 
5 
5 
5 
10 
15 
20 
25 
30 
33 
36  40 
41  '  45 
45  '  50 


55 

60 


$100  '  $1,000 

2  17 

33 

50 

67 

83 

1.00 

1.17 

1.33 

1.50 

1.67 

1.83 

2.00 

2.17 

2.33 

2.50 

2.67 

2. S3 

3.00 

3.17 

3.33 

3.50 

3.67 

3.83 

4.00 

4.17 

4.33 

4.50 

4.67 

4.83 

5.00 

10.00 

15.00 

20.00 

25.00 

30.00 

35.00 

40.00 

45.00 

50.00 

55.00 

60.00 


3 
5 
7 

' 
10 ' 

12' 

13! 

15' 

17' 

18' 
20' 

m' 

25' 

27' 

28' 

30  ' 

32 

33 

35 

37 

38 

40 

42 

43 

45 

47 

48 

50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

5.00 

5.50 

6.00 


From  the  above  table  of  interest  at  six  per  cent  one  can  easily  compute 
what  the  interest  on  any  amount  would  be  at  other  rates  of  interest,  yii..  for 
three  per  cent  take  one-half;  for  bcveu  per  cent  add  one  sixth;  for  eight  p«r 
cent  add  one-third,  etc. 

160 


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iiiiiiinnnuiininiiiiiiiniiiiiii iiuniiiiniiiiiimi 


iiiiiimmntitmiiiiiitiiHitiKHimiuHi 


DISEASES  OF  SWINE 


Causes,  Symptoms  and 
Treatments 


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H  I  I 


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e      o 


CHAPTER  III 


HOG  REGULATOR  AND  TONIC 
Nux  Vomica,  one  pound;  Hardwood  Charcoal,  two 
pounds;  Sulphur,  two  pounds ^  Common  Salt,  three 
pounds;  Sulphide  of  Antimony,  one  and  one-half  pounds; 
Glauber  Salts,  two  pounds;  Bicarbonate  of  Soda,  four 
pounds;  Hyposulphite  of  Soda,  four  pounds;  Nitrate  ot 
Potash,  one  pound;  Quassia,  one-half  pound,  Gentian 
Root,  one  pound;  Iron  Sulphate,  one  pound;  pulverize 

and  mix  well. 

To  every  one  hundred  pounds  of  hog  weight,  give  one 
tablespoonful  in  feod  or  swill  once  or  twico  daily.  For 
hogs  weighing  two  hundred  pounds,  the  dose  would  be 
two  tablespoonfuls ;  for  a  hog  weighing  fifty  pounds,  one- 
half  tablespoonful. 

Hogs,  like  other  animals,  require  tonics,  bowel  regu- 
lators and  worm  expellers.  For  these  purposes,  I  have 
prescribed  un<ler  a  number  of  the  diseases  of  hogs,  which 
I  cover  in  this  chapter,  the  above  general  tonic  and  regu- 
lator which  I  have  used  in  my  personal  practice  with 
marked  success,  especially  servnng  the  purpose  of  aiding 
hogs  in  their  convalescence  from  debilitating  diseases 
and  in  their  recovery  from  a  general  run-down  condition. 

Aside  from  its  general  tonic  and  regulative  effect,  this 
prescription  contains  nerve  tonics,  intestinal  antiseptics, 
laxatives,  worm  expellers,  and  aids  digestion,  etc. 

If  regularlv  given  to  hogs,  and  sanitary  conditions 
are  maintained,  this  tonic  and  regulator  will  largely 
fortify  them  against  contagious  diseases. 


li 


■I  - 


163 


164 


THE   VETERINARIAN 
ABORTION 


Cause:  Sows  may  abort  at  any  state  of  pregnancy 
by  slipping,  falling,  receiving  kicks,  or  by  being  caught 
while  crawling  through  or  under  fences.  Sows  may  also 
abort  when  allowed  to  crawl  into  quarters  where  there 
are  other  hogs.  Contagious  diseases,  such  as  Cholera 
and  Pleuropneumonia  also  produce  abortion.  There  is 
also  a  contagious  form  of  abortion  in  sows,  but  this  is 
very  uncommon,  as  the  disease  spreads  very  slowly. 

Symptoms  :  There  is  no  warning  given,  as  a  rule ;  the 
sows  expel  their  pigs  before  any  signs  of  abortion  aro 
noticed. 

In  other  cases  the  sows  refuse  to  eat,  become  uneasy, 
shivering  and  trembling  of  the  muscles,  and  straining  or 
labor  pains  are  noticed.  As  a  rule,  when  a  sow  aborts, 
slie  will  not  prepare  a  bed,  as  she  would  normally. 

Treatment:  Preventive  is  the  only  safe  and  sure 
treatment,  although  when  the  first  sign  of  abortion  ap- 
pears, and  there  are  no  signs  of  the  membranes  coming 
away,  remove  the  sow  to  quiet,  warm,  clean  quarters  by 
herself,  and  if  straining,  give  one  dram  of  Chloral- 
Hydrate  in  her  drinking  water  every  two  or  three  hours. 

AVhen  a  sow  aborts,  burn  the  pigs  and  afterbirth,  and 
disinfect  the  pens  with  a  Coal  Tar  disinfectant.  Keep 
this  up  for  several  days,  and  do  not  breed  until  all  dis- 
charges from  the  vagina  have  ceased  flowing. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  MEDICINE  TO  HOGS 

To  administer  medicine  to  hogs  may  seem  easy,  but, 
nevertheless,  it  is  a  difficult  tagk.  Never  lay  a  hog  on 
his  back  to  drench  him,  as  in  so  doing  there  is  great 
danger  of  strangling.  The  proper  method  is  to  stand 
or  set  him  on  end,  holding  him  up  by  the  ears,  and  by 
the  use  of  a  bottle  with  a  piece  of  hose  drawn  over  its 
neck,  give  the  medicine  very  slowly,  so  as  not  to  allow 
a  large  quantity  to  accumulate  in  the  mouth  or  throat 


i  I 


JiM^ 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE 


165 


at  one  time.  There  is  always  danger  of  some  of  the 
liquid  escaping  into  the  lungs  and  causing  the  hog  to 
strangle,  and  thus  it  may  produce  pneumonia.  How- 
ever, this  is  the  best  method  of  giving  hogs  medicine  by 

force.  .      ,    .     r     1 

Hogs  will  generally  take  medicine  in  their  feed  or 
drinking  water,  unless  they  are  very  sick,  or  the  medi- 
cine is  extremely  disagreeable  to  the  taste. 

BAG   INFLAMMATION 

Cavse:  Injuries,  obstructed  teats,  accumulation  of 
milk  in  the  sow's  bag  after  the  loss  of  part  of  or  all  of 
her  litter.  Difficult  birth,  slight  wounds  in  the  bag  per- 
mit invasion  of  germs,  which  is  frequently  the  common 
cause  of  bag  inflammation. 

Symptoms:  Heat,  pain  and  swelling  in  one  or  more 
teats.  The  general  body  temperature  is  elevated  one  or 
two  degrees  above  normal.  The  sow  perhaps  refuses 
her    feed,    although    she    will    drink    water    in    large 

quantities. 

Treatment:  Feed  soft,  sloppy  food  and  vegetables. 
Give  Epsom  Salts,  two  to  four  ounces,  in  milk  or  feed. 
It  is  also  well  to  milk  the  sow  by  hand,  relieving  her  of 
the  milk  three  or  four  times  a  day.  This  is  very  nee 
essarv.  Camphorated  Oil  is  very  soothing,  and  I  would 
recommend  its  use  freely  only  over  affected  teats. 

BLACK  TOOTH 

Cause  :  Black  Tooth,  so  called  in  swine,  is  principally 
due  to  injuries  to  the  teeth  received  by  chewing  hard 
matter,  such  as  bone,  etc.,  which  causes  them  to  decay. 

Symptoms:  Toothache.  Toothache  in  swine  is  sim- 
ilar to  that  exhibited  by  man,  in  showing  loss  of  appe- 
tite, salivation,  or  slobbering,  hanging  the  head  mostly 
to  the  side  which  is  affected,  loss  of  fear  of  man,  and 
oflfensive  breath.  If  the  hogs  are  fed  on  strongly  acid 
food  for  any  length  of  time,  their  teeth  may  become 


11 

III 
fill 
■ft  I 

!2f  4 


lit  t 


. 


166 


THE    VETERINARIAN 


dark  colored.  As  the  teeth  are  not  materially  injured, 
so  long  as  decayed  tooth  substance  cannot  be  noticed, 
and  while  the  appetite  and  chewing  facilities  of  the  hog 
do  not  appear  to  be  diminished,  no  interference  will  bo 
necessary. 

It  is  customary  with  some  people  to  examine  the  teeth 
of  hogs,  and  if  one  tooth  is  found  darker  colored  than 
the  others,  it  is  supposed  to  be  the  cause  of  the  hog  not 
doing  well,  if  he  is  in  a  poor  condition,  and  the  tooth  is 
hammered  off  flush  with  the  jaw,  leaving  the  broken 
roots,  lacerated  gums  and  nerves  to  increase  the  hog's 
suffering.  If  the  hog  recovers,  it  is  often  concluded  that 
this  was  a  case  of  Black  Tooth. 

My  advice  is,  if  you  are  determined  to  have  the  tooth 
out,  extract  it  properly.  Do  not  break  it  off.  When 
your  hogs  are  not  thriving,  give  them  the  regulator  and 
tonic  prescribed  on  the  first  page  of  this  chapter. 


BLOOD   POISONING 

(Pyemia  Septicemia) 

Cause  :  Due  to  the  toxic  substance  produced  by  germs 
that  invade  wounds,  bruises,  abscesses,  or  womb  follow- 
ing farrowing,  if  lacerated. 

Symptoms:  The  seat  of  injury  becomes  swollen,  pus 
may  adhere  to  the  hair,  temperature  elevated,  appetite 
poor,  hog  moves  about  very  slowly,  becomes  separated 
from  the  rest  of  the  drove,  lies  around  in  some  cool, 
quiet  place,  eventually  becomes  very  weak  and  poor  and 
dies,  if  good  attention  is  not  given. 

Treatment:  Separate  from  the  other  hogs  and  re- 
move to  a  clean,  comfortable  place  and  wash  the  seat 
of  injury  with  some  good  disinfectant,  as  a  five  per  cent 
Carbolic  Acid  solution.  In  case  of  abscess,  open  it  low- 
so  as  to  assure  good  drainage.  Keep  clean,  cool  water 
before  your  hogs  at  all  times.  Give  mashes  made  from 
wheat  bran  and  hot  water,  or  any  good,  substantial  food 
that  is  easily  digested  containing  regulator  and  tonic 
prescribed  on  the  arst  page  of  this  chapter. 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE 


167 


BRONCHITIS 
Cause  :  Lung  worms,  poorly  ventilated  sleeping  quar- 
ters, sleeping  in  straw  stacks,  in  manure  heaps,  over- 
heated, ilthy  pens,  where  the  animals  inhale  irritating 
gases  given  off  the  bodies  ')f  other  hogs,  and  from  filth. 
Smoke    and    dust    are    very    common    producers    of 

bronchitis. 

Symptoms:  Breathing  fast,  appetite  poor,  slight  rise 
in  temperature  and  coughing.  The  hog  is  dull  and 
stupid,  refuses  food,  but  drinks  water  frequently. 

Treatment:  Preventive;  avoid  the  above  named 
causes,  but  when  hogs  become  affected,  move  them  to 
dean,  well  ventilated  quarters,  avoiding  dust  and  gases, 
disinfect  bedding  and  floors  with  some  good  disinfectant, 
as  Crude  Carbolic  Acid,  sprayed.  Also  give  large  doses 
of  the  hog  regulator  and  tonic  as  prescribed  on  the  first 
page  of  this  chapter.  Feed  veg(^tables,  or  any  easily 
digested  food,  and  hot  wheat  bran  mashes. 

In  case  the  disease  is  due  lo  lung  worms,-  confine  the 
animals  in  a  closed  shed  and  permit  them  to  inhale  the 
"■^eam  from  Turpentine  and  water  for  ii  few  minutes,  by 
,  .cing  water  and  Turpentine  in  a  tin  receptacle  holding 
a!  mt  two  gallons,  and  inserting  lieated  bricks  or  stones 

into  the  solution.  

CASTRATION 
This  is  generally  understood  by  every  stockraiser, 
vet  there  are  some  points  many  do  not  know.  For 
instance,  you  should  use  in  this  operation  an  antiseptic 
solution,  as  Carbolic  Acid  or  Bichlori  le  of  Mercury. 
Wash  thoroughly  with  antiseptic  yours  hands  and  knife, 
also  the  seat  of  nperivtion  and  make  your  incision  as  low 
as  possible  lo  permit  the  pus  to  drain  out  nicely.  If  this 
is  not  practiced,  the  pus  will  become  absorbed  into  the 
blood,  producing  blood  poison,  which  may  produce  death, 
or  at  the  best  will  cause  the  hog  to  become  stunted, 
whereas,  if  the  operation  is  performed  properly,  the  hog 


•  y 


168 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


will  thrive,  regardless  of  the  shock  from  the  operation. 
I  may  add  that  it  is  much  better  to  castrate  pigs  or 
hogs  when  their  stomach  and  intestines  are  empty,  and 
it  is  always  good  practice  to  feed  laxative  and  easily 
digested  foods  sparingly  after  this  operation. 


CHOKING 

Cat'se:  Vegetables,  such  as  potatoes,  etc.,  roots,  as 
carrots,  turnips  and  sometimes  pieces  of  bone  or  glass, 
lodge  in  the  gullet.  Paralysis  of  the  muscular  fibres  of 
the  gullet  is  a  very  common  cause  of  choking  in  swine. 

Symptoms:  The  hog  is  unable  to  swallow,  producing 
frothing  at  the  mouth  and,  if  the  obstruction  cannot  be 
dislodged,  death  occurs  in  a  very  short  time.  Some- 
times the  obstruction  in  the  gullet  may  be  felt  from  the 
outside  with  the  hand. 

Treatment:  The  administration  of  small  doses  of 
Raw  Linseed  or  Olive  Oil,  or  Lard,  will  assist  in  dislod.qr- 
ing  the  obstruction.  Also  careful  manipulation  of  the 
gullet  from  the  outside  with  the  hand  assists  in  either 
forcing  it  into  the  stomach  or  bringing  it  out  through 
hog's  mouth.  If  vomiting  can  be  produced,  it  will  dis- 
lodgie  the  obstniotion.  If  immediate  results  are  not 
obtained  from  t]i»>  above  treatments,  I  would  recommend 
butchering  the  hog  for  meat  immediately. 


COLD   IN    THE    HEAD 
(Xasal  Catarrh) 

Cause:  Exposure  to  cold;  a  very  common  condition 
in  cold,  wet  weather  when  hogs  are  allowed  to  sleep  in 
manure  heaps,  straw  stacks,  or  pile  up  together,  when 
they  become  overheated  and  later  chill.  Nasal  Catarrh 
may  also  be  due  to  inhaling  dust  or  irritating  gases. 

Symptoms  :  The  animal  is  stupid  and  feverish,  cough- 
ing and  sneezing  frequently;  appetite  is  poor,  eyes 
watery  and  inflamed;  a  discharge  of  mucus  from  the 
nose  will  terminate  in  yellow  pus  and  the  nose,  if  ex- 
amined, is  found  to  be  inflamed  and  ulcerated. 


i 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE 


169 


Tbeatmekt:  The  best  and  safest  treatment  is  to  pro- 
vide clean  sleepincr  quarters,  avoid  overcrowding  in 
dusty,  dirty  sheds,  especially  during  cold  weather.  Pigs 
affected  with  cold  in  the  head  should  be  fed  on  laxative 
food,  such  as  boiled  carrots,  potat '  ?8,  apples,  hot  wheat 
bran  mashes  and  steamed  rolled  oits. 

Medical  Treatment:  Confine  the  affected  hogs  to  a 
slied,  close  windows  and  doors  and  any  large  cracks; 
then  compel  them  to  inhale  steam  from  the  following 
mixture :  Turpentine,  eight  ounces ;  Pine  Tar,  one  pint ; 
Water,  two  gallons.  Place  in  tin  receptacle  in  center  of 
shed  and  heat  the  above  solution  by  adding  hot  bricks 
or  stones  to  the  mixture  occasionally.  Compel  the  hogs 
to  inhale  this  steam  for  at  least  thirty  minutes  twice  a 
day.  Give  Chlorate  of  Potash  in  twenty  grain  doses 
three  times  a  day  in  feed  or  drinking  water.  This  treat- 
ment is  very  successful  if  the  inflammation  has  not 
extended  to  the  lungs. 

DIARRHOEA   IN   YOUNG  PIGS 

(Scours) 

Cause:  Decomposed  foods,  slops,  etc.,  fed  to  the 
mothers,  causing  them  to  give  toxic  milk.  Poorly  ven- 
tilated, filthy,  cold  and  damp  pens,  insufficient  exercise, 
lack  of  sunlight,  raising  pigs  by  hand  or  with  other  sow. 

Symptoms:  Frequent  movement  of  the  bowels,  the 
passage  being  of  a  grayish-white  color  and  the  odor  very 
disagreeable.  At  this  stage  of  the  disease,  reliable  reme- 
dies must  be  given  or  the  pig  will  die  very  soon. 

The  dischprge  from  the  bowels  becomes  very  thin,  the 
tail  and  legs  become  soiled,  loss  of  appetite,  the  pigs 
become  weak  and  dull,  hair  rough  and  it  is  difficult  for 
them  to  move  about.  In  very  young  pigs,  treatment  is 
of  little  value. 

Treatment  :  As  Scours  in  pigs  is  a  disease  frequently 
caused  by  faulty  food  and  insanitary  surroundings,  a 


_ 


170 


THE   VETEKINAHIAX 


l)n'Vt'ntivo  trcatnu-nt  is  of  givat  iwiimrtancc,  ijinl  i.incli 
l»elt('r  results  aro  thus  ohtained  lliau  Ity  tlio  use  of 
medical  ngonts.  Medical  treatnu-ut  consists  in  (ir>t 
cloaninj;  away  the  irritant  i)ros<M)t  in  the  howels.  Kui 
this  purpose  jxive  one  to  two  tahlespoonfuls  «)t*  Castor  Oil. 
At  the  time  of  farrowinj;  all  kows  should  receive  a  lijjht 
di(>t  and  be  kept  in  i-lean,  <lry  (juarters.     llie  piys  should 


ClIE.STKlt   WlllTF.S. 

Owiio.l  by  C.  A.  Hli'iiirka,  Tobias,  Ni'br. 


be  allowed  pure  air,  sunshine  and  exercise.  If  tlie  sow 
appears  hot  and  feverish,  Rive  one  to  three  ounces  of 
Castor  Oil  in  milk  or  swill.  Avoid  feedinLf  deconipos(>d. 
moldy  food,  or  sour  nulk.  To  check  the  diarrhoea  in 
piirs,  use  the  following'  after  tin-  irritant  is  removed  or 
cleaned  out  as  above  stated:  Zinc  Sulphoearbolates, 
thirty  grains;  Protan,  two  ounces;  Pulv.  Gentian  Hoot, 


ilM 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE 


m 


two  ounces.  Make  into  sixty  capsules  or  powders  and 
^ive  one,  three  or  four  times  a  day.  The  sow  sliould 
receive  a  dose  about  eight  times  the  size  of  that  of  the 

pigs. 

HOG   CHOLERA 

Causbc    By   the    Bacilhis    Sius;   contaminated   food, 
stagnant  water,  filth,  etc    all  have  a  tendency  to  aid  its 
progress.     I  have  seen  farms,  altliough  located  in  sec- 
tions where   Cholera   was,   prevalent,   not   in  the  least 
troubled  with  the  malady,  perhaps  due  to  careful  feed- 
ing of  clean  foods,  care   "  watering,  cleanlinc  ^  -hoi!*  the 
pens   and  sheds  and  di&iufecting  occasior'.     ,  'mt   n< 
doubt  a  better  explanation  is  that  those  ho:,'.,    'oeivc'. 
tonics,  containing  worm  expellers,  at  least  f'  -     ■>tiio:- 
year.     Many  a  case  of  supposed  Hog  Choler*  is  UuO  lo 
worms  irritating  and  proc^-icing  inflammation  of  the  in- 
testines, followed  by  diarrhoea.     A  person  not  familiar 
with  the  disease  calls  this  "hog  cholera."     In  other 
cases,  hogs  which  are  fed  swills  from  restaurants,  hotels, 
etc.,  containing  soap,  washing  powders,  small  particles  of 
glass,  etc.,  will  die  with  synptoms  leading  a  person  to 
think  they  had  Hog  Cholera,  but  if  a  thorough  investiga- 
tion is  made  the  true  cause  of  death  can  easily  be  discov- 
ered. 

Symptoms:  In  tme  Hog  Choura,  the  temperature 
\v\]]  be  elevated  two  to  four  degrees  above  normal. 
There  will  be  a  loss  of  appetite,  voi.iiting,  diarrluea,  al- 
though there  may  be  constipation  wh<  n  the  hog  is  first 
affected.  The  hog  wanders  off  by  itself  to  some  cool, 
quiet  place  and  lies  down.  When  it  walks  it  will  stagger 
and  show  great  stiffness  in  its  hind  parts,  (hie  to  soi'e- 
ness  of  the  intestines.  The  hair  will  have  a  roughened 
appearance,  the  back  arched,  the  eyes  inflamed  and  dis- 
charging pus,  red  blotches  will  show  themselves  back  of 
the  ears,  inside  the  legs  and  on  the  abdoaien.  At  this 
stage  the  diarrhoea  is  watery,  dark  and  tinged  with 
blood,  and  very  offensive  in  odor,  breath  is  very  fast  and 
labored.    The  hog  grows  very  weak  and  dies. 


172 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


Treatment:    Prevention  must   always  be  borne  in 
mind.     Do  not  feed  filthy  food.     Always  feed  cfood. 
wholesome  food,  and  give  clean  water  to  drink.    Watcli 
the  condition  of  hog's  bowels  and  regulate  them  by  feed 
ing.     Burn  manure  and  bedding  and  disinfect  carefully. 
Do  not  permit  your  hogs  to  drink  out  of  running  streams 
of  water,  especially  if  Hog  Cholera  is  in  your  neighbor 
hood.    When  buying  hogs,  it  is  well  to  keep  them  off  by 
themselves  for  two  or  three  weeks,  as  they  may  be  dis 
eased.    Do  not  permit  neighbors,  their  stock  or  dogs  on 
your  premises  when  Hog;  Cholera  is  raging,  as  the  infec- 
tion of  Hog  Cholera  can  be  spread  very  rapidly  by 
matter  from  the  affected  hogs  adhering  to  the  shoes  of 
man,  to  the  feet  of  stock  and  dogs,  etc. 

I  am  positive  that  if  this  method  were  properly  prao 
ticed  by  all  hog  raisers  and  feeders,  Hog  Cholera  would 
be  a  very  rare  dis'^ase. 

Sebum  Treatment  :  This  is  successful  in  some  cases, 
and  in  others  unsuccessful.  The  latter  perhaps  is  diif 
to  poor  serums,  or  the  disease  being  so  far  advanced  in 
its  progress  that  the  hogs  are  beyond  recovery.  Serum 
treatment  is  very  expensive  and,  as  it  requires  a  strictly 
septic  operation  of  injecting  the  serum,  the  average  hog 
raiser  or  grower  is  not  qualified  to  administer  the  treat- 
ment properly.  An  additional  and  necessary  expense  is 
the  ser^uces  of  a  Veterinary  Surgeon.  Therefore,  I 
strongly  urge  adoption  of  preventive  measures  as  stated. 
Use  some  good  disinfectant,  such  as  Crude  Carbolic  Acid, 
which  destroys  the  Bacillus  of  Hog  Cholera.  Also  ad- 
minister hog  regulator  and  tonic  as  prescribed  on  first 
page  of  this  chapter.  This  will  expel  worms,  tone  the 
system,  regulate  the  bowels  and  fortify  your  hogs  against 

Hog  Cholera.  

INDIGESTION 

Cause  :  Worms  are  perhaps  one  of  the  most  common 
causes.  Unwholerjone,  irritating  food  or  swill  contain- 
ing soap  or  washing  powder  have  a  tendency  to  derange 
the  process  of  digestion. 


ii 


DISEASES  OF,  SWINE 


173 


Symptoms:  Abdominal  pain,  vomiting,  back  arched, 
breathing  rapid  and  temperature  elevated  from  two  to 
three  degrees.  There  may  be  diarrhoea  or  the  animal 
may  be  constipated.  Vomiting,  as  a  rule,  relieves  acute 
attacks  by  expelling  tne  irritant  from  the  bowels.  When 
it  takes  a  chronic  form,  the  hogs  become  stunted. 

Treatment:  Endeavor  to  find  out  the  cause  and  re- 
move it.  If  constipated,  give  Calomel,  fifteen  to  twenty 
grains,  or,  if  diarrhoea  appears,  give  hog  regulator  and 
tonic  as  prescribed  on  first  page  of  this  chapter.  Feed 
with  hot  wheat  bran  mashes.  This  will  expel  all  worms 
and  aid  digestion. 


JAUNDICE 

(Yellows) 

Cause:  Liver  flukes,  intestinal  worms,  gall  stones, 
lack  of  exercise,  overfeeding,  or  a  stoppage  of  the  bile 
duct. 

Symptoms:  The  white  portions  of  the  eyes  take  on 
a  yellow  color,  as  do  the  membranes  of  the  mouth,  back 
arched,  hair  looks  rough,  vomiting,  temperature  elevated, 
constipation,  although  diarrhoea  is  sometimes  noticed. 
The  urine  is  passed  frequently,  and  is  of  a  dark  amber 
color. 

Treatment:  This  disease  requires  careful  feeding 
and  plenty  of  exercise.  Give  Calomel,  ten  to  twenty 
jrrains,  then  follow  with  large  doses  of  regulator  and 
tonic  as  prescribed  on  first  page  of  this  chapter.  It  is 
important  in  this  disease,  especially  if  due  to  worms. 
Feed  clean  swill  and  vegetables.  Give  hogs  all  the  pure 
water  they  will  drink. 

KIDNEY   CONGESTION 

Cause:  Hogs  are  subject  to  various  injuries  about 
tlie  kidneys,  due  to  a  large  number  of  hogs  piling  up, 
♦'xposure  to  cold,  wet  raias,  etc. 

Symptoms  :     Small  quantities  of  dark  colored  urine  are 


if 


174 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


passed  frequently,  appetite  poor,  no  energy  to  niov- 
about.  Hogs  lie  around  a  great  deal ;  at  times  they  nia\ 
be  paralyzed  and  drag  their  hind  quarters. 

Treatmext:  Apply  cloths  or  blankets  wrung  out  <.t 
hot  water  over  the  loin;  also  give  Potassium  Acetate  in 
twenty  grain  doses  four  or  five  times  a  <lay  in  drinkiii- 
water.  Feed  soft,  sloppy  food,  containing  regidator  aiU 
tonic  as  prescribed  on  the  first  page  of  tliis  chapter.  H 
contains  nerve  stimulants,  just  what  is  r'-quired  in 
paralysis. 


Grand  Champiox  Dlroc  Boar. 
Economy  Stock  Farm,  Shcuandoah,  Iowa. 


i' 


KIDNEY    V/ORM 

Calsk:  Damp,  liltiiy  surroundings  soem  to  favor  lli- 
urowth  of  embryos  of  this  worm.  Tliey  uic  taken  inlu 
the  digestive  canal  with  the  food  and  eventually  pass  1- 
the  region  of  tlie  kidneys,  where  they  find  (•on<liti()ii- 
favorable  in  whicli  to  multiply. 

Symctoms:  May  produce  paral\  -is  of  the  hind  quiii- 
ters,  in  wliieh  case  the  animal  would  not  exhibit  sii<!i 


kML 


■ij'iih 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE 


175 


marked  tenderness  on  beinj?  i)n'sse<l  over  the  loins  with 
the  fingers  as  it  would  if  the  weakness  of  the  liind  quar- 
ters was  due  to  a  sprain  or  to  riieuinatisin  of  th(>  loins. 
Occasionally  hogs  may  suffer  from  the  presence  of  one 
or  more  worms  in  the  kidneys;  but  the  ailment  is  rarely 
fatal,  becoming  so  only  after  a  long  time  of  suffering 
resulting  in  i>  degeneration  of  one  or  both  kidneys.  It 
is  almost  impossible  to  diagnose  the  presence  of  worms 
in  the  kidneys  of  hogs,  except  by  chance  through  a  micro- 
scopic examination  of  the  urine.  If  worms  are  found  in 
the  kidneys  of  a  hog  that  has  died  or  been  slaughtered 
for  fo(  .1  it  nmy  then  be  reasonably  supposed  that  other 
hogs  of  the  same  li(»rd  not  acting  normal  are  infected 
with  worms  of  the  same  species. 

Tbeatmknt  :  Teaspoonful  doses  of  Turpentine  in  milk 
three  times  a  week  is  the  only  treatment  I  could  recom- 
mend. Preventive  measures  is  the  only  practical  method 
of  treating  a  disease  of  this  nature.  Give  your  hogs  pure 
water  and  food.  Disinfect  pens  occasionally  and  keep 
them  clean.  

LICE  ON  HOGS 
Dip,  spray  or  scrub  your  hogs  with  some  good  Coal 
Tar  disinfectant,  but  whatever  remedy  is  used  it  should 
be  applied  more  than  once  which,  of  course,  causes  con- 
siderable work  where  there  is  a  large  number  of  hogs 
infested,  unless  dipped,  which  is  more  quickly  done. 
The  icason  for  repeated  applications  being  necessary  is 
that  although  the  lice  which  hogs  pick  up  from  the 
groui'd,  bedding  and  rubbing  places,  may  be  killed  by 
first  application,  it  often  does  not  affect  the  nits,  which 
remain  intact  and  hatch  within  a  week  or  ten  days.  A 
new  crop  of  Lice  appears  on  the  hog  from  this  source. 
Remove  all  manure  and  bedding  from  pens  and  sheds 
and  burn  it.  Disinfect  floors  and  spray  sides  of  shed, 
pens  and  rubbing  places  with  disinfectants,  one  part  to 
seventy-two  parts  of  water,  once  a  month  and  you  will 
be  handsi/inely  repaid  for  your  labor. 


i 
I 
I 
I 


1 


176 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


S7I 


LUNG  FEVER 

(Inflammation  of  tue  Lungs) 
Cause      Sudden  changes,  exposure  to  storms,  piling 
up  of  hogs  during  cold  nights,  or  sleeping  in  manure 
heaps,  old  straw  stacks,  etc. 

Symptoms  :  Pig  or  hog  is  taken  with  shivering  spells, 
is  stupid,  his  back  is  arched,  loss  of  appetite,  temperature' 
elevated  two  to  four  degrees  above  normal,  short  hurriod 
breathing,  generally  accompanied  with  cough,  which  is 
deep  and  hoarse.    As  a  rule  the  hog  is  constipated. 

Treatment:  Place  in  good,  clean,  warm,  well  venti- 
lated quarters,  free  from  drafts.  Keep  water  befor*; 
them  at  all  times,  adding  Saltpeter,  one  teaspoonful  to 
every  gallon  of  water.  If  constipated,  do  not  give 
physics;  give  injections  of  soap  and  warm  water;  also 
administer  about  one-half  teaspoonful  of  Pine  Tar  on 
the  tongue  with  a  wooden  paddle.  This  adheres  to  the 
tongue  and  gradually  dissolves  and  gives  excellent  re- 
sults, as  it  is  very  soothing  to  the  organs  of  breathing. 
During  the  convalescent  stage,  give  hog  regulator  and 
tonic  as  prescribed  on  first  page  of  this  chapter. 


LUNG  WORMS 

Cause  :  By  threadlike  worms  varying  in  length  from 
one-half  to  one  and  one-half  inches  and  of  a  brownish- 
white  color.  They  are  found  in  the  windpipe  and  tubes 
leading  into  the  lungs.  The  adult  worms  in  t\w  lungs 
produce  large  quantities  of  eggs,  which  are  coughed  up 
with  mucus  and  become  scattered  over  premises  where 
other  hogs  are  permitted  to  walk.  The  hogs  inhale  th«> 
dust  containing  the  eggs  into  their  lungs,  where  the  eggs 
find  moisture  sufficient  for  their  development. 

Symptoms:  Severe  coughing  spells.  Large  quanti- 
ties of  mucus  will  escape  from  the  nose  and  mouth. 
The  hog  bcfomes  stunted,  although  he  may  eat  fairly 
well,  but  if  not  relieved,  the  worms  collect  in  the  Bronchi 


^'■^"""^ 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE 


177 


and  produce  sudden  death  due  to  suffocation.  The 
worms  may  set  up  an  inflammation  of  the  lining  mem- 
branes of  the  lungs,  which  is  sometimes  taken  for  Swine 
Plague,  or  Cholera.  This  disease  is  not  uncommon,  es- 
pecially in  old,  filthy,  poorly  drained  hog  houses  and 

pastures. 

Treatment:  Confine  the  affected  hogs  to  a  shed; 
close  the  windows  and  doors  and  any  large  cracks,  then 
compel  the  hogs  to  inhale  steam  from  the  following 
mixture :  Turpentine,  eight  ounces ;  Pine  Tar,  one  pint ; 
Water,  two  gallonb.  Place  in  tin  receptacle  in  center  of 
the  shed  and  heat  the  above  solution  by  adding  hot 
bricks  or  stones  to  the  mixture  occasionally.  Compel 
them  to  inhale  this  steam  for  at  least  thirty  minutes 
twice  a  day.  Feed  wholesome  food  to  which  add  hog 
tonic  as  prescribed  on  first  page  of  this  chapter.  A 
strong,  vigorous  hog  may  have  worms,  but  it  retains  its 
vitality  so  long  as  it  is  well  fed. 


MANGE 

Cause:  By  the  Sarcoptes  Scabei.  This  parasite  bur- 
rows under  the  outer  surface  of  the  skin. 

Symptoms:  The  parasite  usually  manifests  itself  on 
the  skin  under  the  armpits,  thighs  and  inside  of  the 
fore  legs.  At  first  small  red  blotches  or  pimples  appear, 
and  these  gradually  spread  as  the  parasites  multiply  and 
burrow  under  the  skin. 

Treatment:  There  is  no  other  way  of  curing  this 
disease,  or  of  preventing  it,  than  by  killing  the  parasites 
and  their  eggs;  not  only  on  the  pigs  themselves,  but  also 
on  the  sides  of  the  pens,  sheds,  rubbing-posts,  or  any- 
thing that  an  affected  hog  rubs  against. 

When  treating  this  disoase,  the  real  aim  must  be  to 
kill  the  parasite  by  the  prompt  and  continuous  use  of 
external  remedies,  such  as  washing  or  dipping,  which 
is  better  done  with  some  good  disinfectant,  one  part  to 

It 


?■ . 


t--*. 

% 

r 

1:  1 

fl 

1-1 

Ji 

11 

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; 

M 

m 


178 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


seventy  parts  water.  Repeat  this  every  ten  days  until 
cured.  Two  dippings  are  generally  sufficient.  It  is  well 
to  feed  cooling  foods,  such  as  clean  slops  and  vegetal)les, 
containing  regulator  and  tonic  as  prescribed  on  first  page 
of  this  chapter.  

NAVEL  RUPTURE 

(Xcvel  or  Umbilical) 

Cause:  Injuries.  Pigs  crowding  through  narrow 
doorways  or  openings  in  fences,  small  pigs  sleeping  witii 
large  pigs,  and  allowed  to  pile  up,  or  being  thrown  about 
feed  troughs  when  feeding.  Weakness  and  constipa- 
tion also  predisposes  them  to  Navel  or  Umbilical 
Rupture. 

Symptoms:  A  soft,  puffy  swelling  about  the  navel 
or  umbilicus,  varying  in  size  from  a  hazelnut  to  that  of 
an  ostrich  egg.  When  a  pig  is  placed  on  its  back  the 
intestines  will  gravitate  into  the  abdominal  cavity,  pro 
viding  the  intestines  have  not  adhered  to  the  walls  of 
the  rui)ture. 

Treatment:  This  is  more  difficult  than  the  Scrotal 
or  Inguinal  Rupture  operation,  as  often  times  the  intes- 
tines will  adhere  to  the  inner  surface  of  the  rupture  and. 
unless  the  operation  is  carefully  performed,  there  is 
great  danger.  Great  care  must  be  exercised  in  prepar- 
ing the  pig  l)y  fasting  it  for  twenty-four  hours.  After 
this  is  accomplishe<l,  prepare  an  antis(>ptic  solution. 
Carbolic  Acid,  five  per  cent,  or  Bichloride  of  Mercury, 
one  in  one-thousandths ;  also  have  a  needle  and  absorbent 
silk  or  cat-gut  ready.  Place  the  pig  on  its  back,  with  its 
head  downward.  Now,  wash  the  seat  of  operation  with 
either  antiseptic  solution.  Then  make  an  incision 
through  the  skin  carefully;  as  stated  before,  intes- 
tines sometimes  adhere  to  the  inner  surface  of  the  rup- 
ture. If  such  is  the  case,  wash  the  hands  in  the  anti- 
septic solution  and  with  the  fingers  carefully  break  the 
adhesions  or  separate  the  intestines  from  their  adhe- 


^'^-"~ 


. 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE 


179 


sions.  After  this  is  accomplished,  sew  the  inner  hning 
of  the  abdominal  cavity  with  absorbent  silk  or  cat-gut. 
Then  sew  the  outer  skin  with  cotton  or  linen  cord  and 
vour  operation  is  complete.  Feed  the  hog  sparingly  for 
a  few  days  following  the  operation  on  easily  digested, 

laxative  foods.  

NETTLE  RASH 
(Urticaria) 
Cause:  Irritations  of  the  skin  produced  by  sprink- 
ling hogs  with  irritating  solutions  and  powders,  or  from 
irritating  dips  wlien  treating  for  lice,  etc.  Feeding 
highly  nitrogenous  food  predisposes  hogs  to  this  disease; 
also  filth,  poorlv  drained  sheds  and  pens;  is  especially 
common  in  voung  pigs.  Nettle  Rash  is  not  contagious, 
but  what  produces  it  in  one  hog  may  produce  it  in  several 

at  the  same  time.  . 

Symptoms:  Red,  swollen  blotches  appear  on  the  skin 
very  suddenlv,  especially  about  the  ears  and  the  inside 
of  the  thighs,  perhaps  due  to  the  skin  being  thin  and 
deprived  of  hair.  The  hog  rubs  it  on  account  of  the 
intense  itching,  and  he  will  not  thrive  when  in  this  con- 
dition  In  most  cases  there  is  a  fluid  oozing  from  the 
blotches,  causing  dirt  and  filth  to  adhere  to  the  hair. 
However,  if  the  disease  is  properly  treated,  a  recovery 
is  sure  to  follow  in  about  two  weeks. 

Treatment:  Prevention  against  this  disease  '^  most 
important,  and  it  consists  in  keeping  shoats  and  pigs 
in  clean,  well  ventilated  sheds  and  pens.  Do  not  sprinkle 
them  with  irritating  solutions  or  powders,  or  irritating 
dips,  but  when  the  disease  once  shows  itself  give  each 
pig  or  hog  affected  a  dose  of  Epsom  Salts,  one  ounce 
to  everv  twentv-five  pounds  of  hog  weight,  in  feed,  swill 
or  drinking  water.  If  the  weather  h  hot,  keep  them  in 
a  clean,  cool  place,  also  purify  their  blood  by  feeding 
regulator  and  tonic  as  prescribed  on  first  page  of  this 
chapter. 


i  i 


' 


■  ■  I 


.  ,1 
It 


m 


J  80 


TlIK    VKTEHINAIUAX 


Apply  somo  pood  Coal  Tar  disint'cctaiit,  one  part  to 
Olio  liuii(ln'«l  parts  of  water.  This  is  non-irritatin;;,  and 
will  (U'stn)y  lioj?  lice,  and  will  heal  tlio  pustules  of  nettl- 
rash.  Apjtly  twice  ten  days  aj>art.  It  also  must  )»<• 
borne  in  mind  that  ]»«'ns  and  sh'cpinir  <piart«'rs  must  In- 
disinfe('te<l ;  the  old  beddinj;  ami  nuinun;  burne<l  and 
replaced  with  ,u:o«d,  clean  straw  or  liay.  Fee<1  easily 
dijjested  fooil,  sh)ps,  otc. 


CllAMI'IllN      I'lll.ANU     (.'lilNA      BoAR     KlNIi      llADLtV      ITTJJ. 

Owiif.l  by  W.  J.  Baker,  Ifich  Hill,  Mo. 

PARALYSI3    OF    THE    HIND    QUARTERS 

C'aisk  :  TinTc  arc  a  .irreat  many  tliinirs  that  may  )»it)- 
ducc  paralysis  of  the  hind  <[uarters.  For  instance,  ship- 
jiiiivr  iious  in  crates;  fractions  of  thiirli  bones;  Rickets, 
du<  to  fefdinir  fooil  that  is  delicient  in  mineral  nuitter; 
hoys  jtiliiiir  nji;  kicks  or  injuries  to  the  back;  frequently 
seen  in  sows  inirsinu  a  litter  of  ))i<ys  and  in  a  run-down 
(•oiidition.  Constipation  and  iinliirestion  also  produce 
pjraly^i>  of  the  hind  (piarti'rs.  Some  think  it  is  caused 
by  worms  in  the  kidneys;  this  is  not  always  the  ease. 
It   is  true  tiiat  the  ]>resence  of  a  jtarasite  arouiul  tiie 


. 


DISKASKS    OF    SWINK 


181 


kidneys  may  cause  irritation  of  the  nerves  of  the  spinal 
column  and  result  in  jiaralysis.  Yet,  it  is  more  often  the 
result  of  weakness  and  loss  of  nervous  power  of  the  hind 

parts. 

Symptoms:  Regardless  of  the  cause,  the  symptoms 
in  either  case,  for  they  cannot  be  distin^juished,  are 
weakness  of  the  back,  wrijJslii'K  of  the  hind  parts,  and 
finally  t\w  ho^s  sit  down  on  their  haunches.  After  sonic 
effort,  they  get  up  and  run  in  a  straight  line  (piite  fast, 
but  swing  to  one  side  for  a  while  and  then  go  over  to 
the  other  side,  and  finally  get  down  so  that  they  cannot 
rise,  but  drag  themselves  about.  The  app«'tite  is  good 
until  a  day  or  two  before  they  die. 

Treatment:  Place  the  hog  in  clean,  comfortable 
quarters,  with  plenty  of  fresh  water  to  drink,  (live  sour 
milk,  fruit  or  vegetables,  containing  regulator  and  tomo 
as  prescribed  on  first  page  of  this  chapter.  It  contains 
nerve  stimulants  and  blood  purifiers.  If  the  hog  is  con- 
stipated, add  two  to  four  ounces  of  Epsom  Salts  to  its 

feed. 

Treatment   of  all   such   cases   requires   perseverance, 

recovery  being  slow  und  not  always  certain. 


PILES 

(Prolapse  of  the  Anus) 

Cause:  Although  the  pig  may  look  well,  he  has  a 
weakness  of  the  circular  fibres  of  the  intestines,  due  to 
irritating    foods    that    either    constipate    or    produce 

diarrh.i^a. 

Symptoms:  Very  plain.  A  protrusion  of  the  rectimi 
all  the  way  from  two  to  four  inclies.  The  pig  irritates 
the  protrusion  by  rubbing  it  against  the  sides  of  pens, 
etc. ;  it  cracks,  bleeds  and  in  warm  weather  will  become 
fly-biowu  and  maggots  accnimdate  in  large  quantities. 

Trkatmf  t:  In  the  first  stages  of  this  disease,  wash 
the  protruded  parts  with  an  antiseptic  solution  of  (  ar- 


lit 


. 


k<i4 


i 


182 


THK   VETERINARIAN 


"^^ 


hoVw  Acid,  one  toaspoonful  to  a  pint  of  water.  Oivf 
rectal  injections  of  Soap  and  Warm  Water  or  Sweet 
Oil,  give  about  two  ounces  of  Castor  Oil  internally  and 
feed  soft,  sloppy  food.  In  chronic  cases  of  lonj?  stand- 
ing, remove  the  exposed  portion  of  the  intestine  aftei- 
washing  nicely  with  the  antiseptic  solution.  Remove 
the  protrusion  with  a  sharp  knife  and  stitch  the  cut  end 
of  int<'stine  edges  to  the  anus.  Feed  easily  digested  food, 
such  as  wheat  bran,  mixed  with  flaxseed  meal  on  which 
boiling  hot  water  has  been  poured,  cooling  before  feed- 
ing. Also  give  regulator  and  tonic  as  prescribed  on  first 
page  of  this  chapter.       

PIN   WORMS 

C.\rsE :  Hogs  consume  the  eggs  that  encupsule  well 
matured  embryonic  worms  with  their  food  or  drinking 
water.  These  worms  multiply  very  rapidly  in  the  small 
intestines  and  are  from  one-half  to  one  inch  in  length. 

Symptoms:  \o  signs  are  noticed  unless  the  worms 
are  vei  y  jihundant,  as  they  are  small  and  difficult  to  see 
with  tiie  naked  eye.  The  principal  point  of  attack  is  in 
the  back  part  of  the  snmll  intestines,  where  considerable 
inflammation  is  set  up,  especially  when  there  are  other 
worms,  such  as  the  Roundworm,  present. 

Tkkatmext:  Is  of  little  value,  as  the  wonns  in  the 
intestines  are  very  difficult  to  get  at,  but  as  their  pres- 
ence eauses  very  little  disturbance,  it  is  hardly  worth 
while  tieatii'!;;  however,  preventive  measures  should  be 
npplied  by  disinfecting,  burning  manure  and  bedding. 

The  following  has  proven  a  very  effective  treatment 
for  Pinworms:  Powdered  Quassia,  one  pound;  Sul- 
y)hur,  two  ])oiinds ;  Olauber  Salts,  one  i)or.ntl;  Powdered 
Tobacco,  one-liiilf  pound;  Sulphide  of  Antimony,  one 
poui  1 :  TTyposulphite  of  Soda,  two  pounds;  Beechwood 
Charcoal,  one  pound:  Common  Salt,  two  pounds. 

The  above  must  be  well  powdered  and  thoroughly 
niixed.     Give  one  heaping  teaspoonful  to  every  one  hun- 


h  i 


. 


DISEASES  OF   SWINE 


183 


dred  pounds  of  bog  weight.  To  small  pigs,  givo  doses 
in  proportion  to  weight.  Place  it  in  their  feed  or  slop 
twice  a  dav.  In  addition  to  being  a  vermifuge,  it  is  an 
alterative  and  tonic  that  should  be  given  pigs  and  hogs 
which  do  not  thrive  properly.  Best  results  are  obtained 
in  treatment  of  Piinvorm  when  the  principal  food  con- 
eists  of  vegetables,  mashes  and  slops. 


PLEURISY 
Cause  :    Exposure  to  cold,  damp,  chilly  weather,  es- 
pecially to  drafts,  or  by  a  large  number  of  hogs  being 
allowed  to  pile  up  during  cold  nights,  etc. 

SvMi-TOMS:  Chilling,  temperature  <'levated  two  or 
three  degrees  above;  normal;  bn-atliiug  fast.  The  hog 
will  show  great  pain  when  pressed  over  the  lungs  by 
flinching,  squealing  or  grunting;  cougliing  suppressi'd, 
ribs  rigid;  breathing  mostly  with  the  muscles  ot  the 
flanks;  appetite  yx.or  and  eventually  there  will  be  fluids 
accmnulate  in  the  lung  cavities.  At  this  stage,  the 
breathing  is  labored  and  difticult.  If  the  oar  is  pressed 
over  the  lungs,  the  fluids  ean  be  heard,  aii.l  in  tb.-  hrst 
stage  the  sound  will  b<>  similar  to  that  of  rubbing  hair 
between  the  finger  and  thumb. 

Treatment;  Remove  the  cause.  The  treatment  is 
^atisfactorv  if  ai)plied  in  due  time.  Place  in  clean,  com- 
fortable shed,  seeing  that  it  is  well  ventilated,  omit 
draft- ;  applv  equal  parts  of  A<iua  Ammouia  Fort.,  Tur- 
pentine and"  Sweet  Oil  over  the  lungs  and  give  two  or 
four  ounces  of  Castor  Oil  in  milk.  Feed  easily  .Ip-ested 
foo.l    such  as  hot  wheat  bran  mashes,  contan  hog 

regulator  and  tonic  as  pvescrilu-d  on  first  page  ut  this 
chapter.    It  is  also  well  to  feed  vegetables. 

RHEUMATISM 
Cause:    Exposure,  as  in  col.l,  damp  houses.     Over- 
feeding also  has  a  tendency  to  cause  swellings  of  the 
joints  and  muscles. 


. 


' 


■-.(- 


1«  i 

14 


1.0 


I.I 


Jam 

i  la 


11^ 


MICROCOPY  RESOLUTION  TEST  CHART 

NATIONAL  BUREAU  OF  STANDARDS 

STANDARD  REFERENCE  MATERIAL  1010a 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


184 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


Symptoms:  Lameness  of  one  or  more  limbs,  swelling 
of  the  joints  about  the  legs  and  feet.  The  hog  does  not 
pare  to  move,  refusing  its  feed  in  most  cases;  tempera- 
ture slightly  elevated;  breathing  quick  and  short;  he 
will  drink  water  frequently  if  offered. 

Treatment:  I  am  of  opinion  that  Rheumatism  in 
hogs  would  be  a  very  rare  disease  if  they  were  properly 
provided  with  clean,  dry  quarters,  with  a  liberal  quantity 
of  bedding.  Do  not  allow  hogs  to  pile  up,  as  it  is  very 
injurious  to  them. 

Medical  Treatment  :  Consists  of  feeding  sloppy  food 
to  which  add  one-half  dram  of  Sodium  Salicylate  two  or 
three  times  a  day  in  their  feed.  Vegetables  and  green 
grass  are  very  beneficial  in  this  disease,  as  they  have  a 
cooling  effect  on  the  blood.  The  hog  tonic  and  regulator 
ror;omniended  on  first  page  of  this  chapter  is  very  bene- 
ficial when  given  with  food  of  a  sloppy  nature. 


RICKETS 

Cause:  Food  deficient  in  mineral  matter  or  lime; 
filth,  lack  of  exercise,  and  crowded  quarters,  all  tend  to 
produce  a  softening  of  the  bones  and  swelling  of  the 
joints. 

Symptoms:  The  pigs  affected  generallj'  appear  in 
good  condition  and  seem  to  be  doing  well,  but  suddenly 
they  become  paralyzed  in  the  hind  quarters,  owing  to  the 
Aveakened  condition  of  the  l)ones,  which  sometimes  frac- 
ture without  receiving  injury  or  any  additional  weight 
to  that  of  the  pig  itself.  The  bones  of  the  snout,  back, 
limbs  and  feet  bend  and  become  deformed.  The  pigs 
grow  weak,  poor  and  stunted  and  perhaps  the  best  treat- 
ment is  to  destroy  them. 

Preventive  Treatment:  Careful  feeding  of  good, 
wholesome  food.  This  disease  is  very  seldom  seen  where 
hogs  are  frequently  fed  corn. 

Medical  Treatment  :    When  the  first  signs  of  Rickets 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE 


185 


appear,  feed  regulator  and  tonic  as  prescribed  on  first 
page  of  this  chapter.    It  contains  the  mineral  matter 

needed  by  the  hog.  

ROUND  WORMS 
Cause:  Is  undoubtedly  due  to  filth  or  hogs  eating 
food  or  drinking  water  contaminated  with  well  developed 
eggs  or  embryos  of  roundworms,  thus  taking  them  into 
their  digestive  canal,  where  they  multiply  rapidly  and 
set  up  considerable  irritation.  This  worm  varies  in 
length  from  three  to  thirteen  inches,  and  is  of  a  reddish- 

l»rown  color. 

Symptoms:  The  Roundworm  is  generally  passed 
with  the  feces,  and  can  be  readily  seen  with  the  naked 
eye.  A  hog  infested  with  a  large  number  of  these  worms 
is  generally  restless,  appetite  varied.  When  these 
worms  develop  in  large  numbers,  they  obstruct  the  in- 
testines. In  other  cases  they  irritate  and  inflame  the 
intestines  causing  inliammation  and  diarrhoea,  and  death 
may  be  due  to  either  obstruction  or  inflammation  of  the 

bowels. 

Treatment:  Treatment  is  very  satisfactory.  With- 
hold all  food  from  eighteen  to  twenty-four  hours.  Then 
place  in  one  pint  of  finely  ground  feed.  Calomel  and  San- 
tonin, each  five  grains  to  every  one  hundred  pounds  of 
hog  weight.  For  instance,  if  the  hog  affected  with  round 
worms  weighs  two  hundred  pounds,  double  the  dose  by 
giving  ten  grains  of  each  of  the  above,  but  if  the  hog 
only  weighs  fifty  pounds,  give  one-half  the  dose  men- 
tioned, or  two  and  one-half  grains  of  each.  This  treat- 
ment should  be  repeated  in  a  week  or  ten  days  to  assure 
the  expulsion  of  worms  that  might  have  survived  the 
first  dose.  Feed  sparingly  on  laxative  food,  as  bran 
mashes  and  vegetables,  for  a  few  days  following  each 
treatment. 


I. 


I 


'I' 


It  i 


186  THE   VETERINARIAN 

RUPTURE 

(Scrotal  or  Inguinal) 

Definition:  In  the  male  the  intestines  pass  through 
the  wide  Inguinal  Canal,  through  which  the  cord  of  the 
testicle  passes.  It  is  not  diffi -ult  to  recognize  this  form 
of  rupture,  as  the  scrotum  ihat  normally  retains  only 
the  testicles  is  usually  ilarged  by  the  bowels  en- 
tering it.  Sometimes  tin  scrotum  almost  reaches  the 
ground,  and  in  this  case,  both  sides  of  the  scrotum,  or 
the  sack  which  contains  the  testicles,  also  contains  intes- 
tines. If  the  pig  is  held  up  by  the  hind  parts,  the  in- 
testines will  gravitate  back  into  the  abdominal  cavity, 
but  as  soon  as  a  pig  lies  down  or  stands  thoy  again  return 
into  the  scrotum.  The  testicles  can  be  located  at  the 
bottom  of  the  enlargement. 

Cause:  Hereditary  tendencies  predisposes  them  to 
rupture;  pigs  having  large  Inguinal  Canals  through 
which  the  testicle  passes;  by  pigs  being  crowded,  in- 
jured, squeezed  at  troughs,  or  passing  through  narrow 
doorways.  Weakness  and  severe  straining  from  consti- 
pation also  produce  rupture. 

Symptoms:  An  enlargement  of  the  sack  containing 
the  testicles.  Sometimes  there  may  be  a  strangulation 
of  the  intestines  where  they  fold  or  twist.  They  be- 
come inflamed  and  produce  death.  The  pig  dies  in  great 
pain,  but  fortunately,  strangulated  ruptures  in  pigs  are 
very  rare,  as  the  scrotum  and  canal  which  the  intestines 
occupy  relax  and  become  very  roomy. 

Treatment:  Operation  is  the  only  method  of  reliev- 
ing or  curing  Inguinal  or  Scrotal  Rupture.  My  advice 
is  to  operate  as  soon  as  possible.  Wlien  the  pigs  are 
small,  there  is  less  danger.  The  pig  to  be  operated  on 
should  be  fasted  for  at  least  twenty-four  hours,  as  it  is 
easier  on  both  the  operator  and  pig  when  the  intestines 
are  empty,  or  nearly  so. 

The  operation  which  i  have  found  to  be  very  success- 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE 


187 


ful  is  as  follows:    Have  an  assistant  hold  the  pig  up 
by  its  hind  legs.    Prepare  an  antiseptic  solution  of  Car- 
bolic Acid  five  per  cent,  or  Bichloride  of  Mercury,  one 
in  one-thousandths,  in  a  pan.    Have  a  needle  threaded 
with  a  medium  sized  absorbent  silk  or  cat-gut  suture. 
Prepare  a  clean,  sharp  knife;  wash  the  seat  of  operation 
with  either  antiseptic  solution.     Now,  proceed  to  locate 
the  testiclf  by  liaving  the  hind  parts  elevated.    The  in- 
testines must  be  pressed  back  into  the  abdominal  cavity. 
The  testicle  will  remain  in  the  sack  or  scrotum;  now 
grasp  the  testicle  between  the  fingers  and  make  the  in- 
cision through  the  scrotum  and  to  the  lower  portion.    It 
may  be  necessary  to  insert  two  fingers  to  withdraw  the 
testicle.    When  the  testicle  is  located,  withdraw  it.    Be- 
fore cutting  it  off  it  is  well  to  run  a  needle  containing 
I  thread  through  the  last  covering  of  the  testicle  so  as 
to  prevent  the  membrane  from  returning.    After  this 
is  securely  done,  remove  the  testicle  and  sew  the  inner 
membranes  that  envelop  the  rupture  and  testicle  with 
what  is  called  a  ** tobacco  pouch  suture."    Draw  it  to- 
gether firmly  and  tie  and  cut  off  suture  about  one- 
half  inch  from  the  knot.     Your  operation  is  now  com- 
plete.   Do  not  sew  the  outer  incision  in  the  scrotum,  as 
it  would  have  a  tendency  to  accumulate  dirt  and  hold 
pus.    It  should  have  a  free  drainage.    Wash  with  one  of 
the  above  mentioned  antiseptics  twice  daily  until  thor- 
oughly healed.    Also  feed  laxative  foods  that  are  easily 

digested.  

SORE  FEET 

Cause  :  Filth ;  especially  common  in  large  hogs  when 
confined  to  hard  floors  or  driven  ovei  rough,  hard  roads, 
or  continually  kept  in  filthy  pens.  The  tissues  of  the 
feet  brcome  softened,  especially  those  between  the  claws. 
Irritation  is  set  up  by  germs  entering  the  abrasions. 

Symptoms  :  The  hogs  will  be  noticed  going  very  lanae 
and  if  closely  examined  the  above  named  coLditions  will 
be  found, 


t 


f! 


188 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


Treatment:  Remove  the  liogs  to  clean,  di'y  pens  con- 
taining plenty  of  clean  bedding,  and  wash  the  affected 
])ait.5  with  some  good  disinfectant,  as  five  per  cent  solu- 
tion of  Carbolic  Acid.  Repeat  this  treatment  at  least 
once  a  day.  In  case  the  feet  are  badly  inflamed,  I  would 
advise  the  application  of  hot  Flaxseed  Meal  poultices 
to  the  feet.  Feed  easily  digested  lood,  as  it  aids  mate- 
riallv  in  the  treatment  of  infectious  wounds. 


I 


Champion  Berkshire  Boak  Longfellow's  Successor. 
Hooil  Farm,  Lowell,  Mass. 

SORE    MOUTH 

Cause:  Decomposed  foods.  Also  slops  or  stagnant 
water,  washing  powders,  broken  glassware,  etc.,  from  the 
tables,  fed  in  slops,  barley  or  wheat  beards,  etc. 

Symptoms:  Difficulty  in  eating,  or  refusal  to  eat  at 
all.  Stringy  secretions  of  saliva  continually  oozing 
froni  the  mouth.  The  mouth  gives  off  very  offensive 
odor. 


■ 


DISEASES   OF   SWINE 


189 


Treatment  :  In  this  form  of  sore  mouth,  remove  the 
cause.  Feed  soft,  wholesome  food,  such  as  wheat  bran 
mashes  and  vegetables.  In  cases  where  it  is  due  to  the 
lodging  of  beards  of  wheat  or  barley,  gag  the  hog's 
mouth  with  a  piece  of  wood  and  remove  the  beards  with 
forceps.  Keep  clean,  cool  water  before  them  at  all  times 
and  avoid  feeding  dry,  hard  food. 

SOWS  EATING  THEIR  YOUNG 
Cause  :    Insufficient  lime  or  mineral  matter  fed  prior 

to  farrowing;  constipation  is  also  a  fruitful  cause. 
Pbevention  :    Careful  feeding  for  a  few  days  prior  to 

farrowing  of  slops,  free  from  soap  or  washing  powders ; 

cool  food,  such  as  wheat  bran  mashes,  with  hog  tonic  and 

regulator  as  prescribed  on  the  first  pag?  of  this  chapter. 

This  is  loosening  to  the  bowels  and  also  contains  mineral 

matter  and  blood  purifiers  which  are  very  valuable  in 

the  above  mentioned  condition. 


SUN    OR   HEAT    STROKE 

Cause  :  Hogs  that  are  very  fat,  and  driven,  hauled  or 
shipped  to  market  when  the  weather  is  warm,  are  ^-.-e- 
quently  stricken  with  heat  or  sun-stroke.  Sometmies 
when  hogs  are  overcrowded  and  not  protected  from  the 
rays  of  the  sun,  or  from  heat,  they  may  become  victims 
cf  heat  or  sunstroke. 

Symptoms:  First  tbey  stagger  when  walking,  then 
they  become  very  weak  and  temperature  elevates  three 
or  four  degrees  higher  than  normal.  Prostration  or 
extreme  depression,  or  sometimes  involuntary  spasms 
or  contractions  of  muscles  occur. 

Tbeatmext:  Prevention.  Do  not  drive,  haul  or  ship 
during  the  hottest  part  of  the  day,  hogs  that  are  not 
accustomed  to  exercise  or  extreme  heat.  Do  not  crowd 
hogs  in  small  pens  or  sheds  during  the  hot  months,  as 
their  bodies  give  off  considerable  heat  in  addition  to 
that  of  the  sun.     See  that  they  are  protected  from  the 


I 


I  ■ 


190 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


§ 


sun.  When  hauling  or  shipping  hogs,  wet  them  occa- 
sionally with  water.  It  prevents  heat  stroke.  In  case 
a  hoff  is  suffering  from  heat  or  sun-stroke,  place  it  in  a 
cool,  shady  place  and  apply  ice  or  cold  water  to  the  head 
only.  Also  give  Saltpeter  in  teaspoonful  doses  every 
six  hours  diluted  in  one  ounce  of  water.  Also  give 
Alcohol,  one  toaspoonful,  every  three  hours  in  one  ounce 
of  water.  Good  recovery  is  often  obtained  from  the 
above  treatment.  

THORN-HEADED  WORMS 

Cause:  A  white  grub  tbai  is  found  in  ofd  manure 
heaps,  straw  stacks  and  hog  lots  carries  eggs  containing 
embryos  of  the  Thorn-headed  Worm.  The  white  grub 
is  eaten  by  the  hog.  The  larvae  of  the  Thorn-headed 
Worm  is  liberated  by  the  process  of  digestion  and  be- 
comes a  parasit  •  in  the  intestines  of  the  hogs,  where  it 
develops  into  a  ally  matured  worm.  Large  numbers  of 
hogs  quickly  become  infested  with  this  parasite,  as  they 
multiply  very  rapidly.  These  worms  vary  from  two  to 
twelve  inches  in  length,  and  have  a  whitish  color. 

Symptoms:  As  a  general  rule,  a  worm  can  be  seen 
in  the  feces.  Other  signs  are  that  the  hog  loses  flesh, 
appetite  irregular,  constipation,  and  then  again  there 
may  l)e  diarrhoea,  especially  where  there  are  large  num- 
bers of  worms  present. 

Tbeatment  :  First  of  all,  burn  all  manure  or  decom- 
posed vegetation  that  the  hogs  are  liable  to  come  in  con- 
tact with.  Withhold  all  food  from  eighteen  to  twenty- 
four  hours  and  give  one  teaspoonful  of  Oil  of  Turpentine 
to  every  one  hundred  pounds  of  hog  weight,  or  if  the 
hog  weighs  less  than  one  hundred  pounds,  doses  should 
be  given  in  proportion.  Follow  this  treatment  for  three 
or  four  consecutive  days.  Turpentine  is  easily  given  to 
hogs,  as  they  will  drink  it  in  milk  when  well  mixed.  Per- 
haps it  is  advisable,  where  a  large  number  of  hogs  are 
affected,  to  divide  them  into  pens  of  five  or  ten  hogs. 


DISEASES   OF   SWIXE 


191 


as  they  are  thus  less  likely  to  get  an  overdose.  Feed 
laxative  food.  Clean  and  disinfect  troughs  and  feeding 
floors.    Also   give   prescription   on   first   page   of  this 

chapter.  

THUMPS 

Cause  :  Disorders  of  the  digestive  system  from  over- 
loading  the  stomach  and  causing  irritation  of  the  nerves 
leading  to  the  diaphragm,  which  is  the  membrane  that 
separates  the  lungs  and  heart  from  the  intestines, 
stomach,  livor  and  ppleen.  It  is  a  spasm  of  this  mem- 
brane that  causes  a  hog  or  pig  to  have  "Thumps."  In- 
sufficient p  "•-  :  u  large  number  of  pigs  may  become 
affected  at  e  time  when  closely  confined. 

Sympto  king  of  the  flanks;  the  pig  or  hog  be- 

comes ver,,         rt.  and    tunted  in  a  very  short  time. 

Treatment:  Remove  the  cause.  In  pigs,  when  first 
affected,  careful  feeding  and  exercise  will  generally 
effect  a  cure.  In  some  cases,  where  the  pigs  are  very 
small,  it  is  well  to  take  them  away  from  the  mother,  per- 
mitting them  to  nurse  very  little.  Give  them  Castor  Oil 
in  teaspoonful  doses,  and  compel  them  to  exercise.  It 
may  be  necessary  to  give  them  Chloral  Hydrate  ten  to 
fifteen  grains  two  or  three  times  a  day  diluted  in  a  tea- 
spoonful  of  water.  "Where  the  pigs  will  not  eat  mashes 
or  drink  milk,  give  them  medicine  by  force  with  a 
teaspoon. 

After  Treatment  :    Give  hog  regulator  and  tonic  as 
prescribed  on  first  page  of  this  chapter. 


WHIP  WORM 

This  worm  is  very  uncommon,  but  occasionally  is 
found  in  the  large  intestines. 

Cause:  The  eggs  .xiorae  imbedded  in  the  manure, 
bedding,  etc.,  and  then  mix  with  the  feed  and  drinking 
water  and  are  taken  into  the  digestive  canal  where  they 
develop  into  matured  worms.    This  worm  is  from  one  to 


192 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


three  inches  in  length,  the  hind  extremity  of  which  is 
very  thin,  hence  the  name,  "Whipworm." 

Symptoms:  They  produce  very  little  disturbance, 
♦'ven  though  present  in  large  quantities,  except  when  otiier 
worms  assist  in  their  irritating  the  lining  meml)ran<'s  of 
the  large  intestines. 

jIedical  Treatment:  Withhold  all  food  from  eigh- 
teen to  twenty-four  hours,  then  give  one  teaspoonful  of 
Gasolene  thoroughly  mixed  with  milk,  to  every  one  hun- 
dred pounds  of  hog  weight.  Small  hogs,  reduce  the 
dose  in  proportion  to  their  weight.  It  is  advisable  to 
follow  this  dose  for  two  or  three  consecutive  days.  Feed 
food  that  is  easily  digested,  and  see  that  they  have  fresh 
water  to  drink. 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP 
AND  GOATS 


Causes,  Symptoms  and 
Treatments 


It 


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CHAPTER  IV 


ABORTION 

Cau.e:  Is  usually  produced  by  injuries,  or  by  the 
ewes  being  poisoned  from  eating  poisonous  foods,  plants, 
«'tc.  It  has  never  occurred  in  infectious  fomi  in  this 
country,  although  sometimes  an  outl)reak  is  bought  in- 
fectious on  account  of  several  ewos  aborting  about  the 
same  time,  but  all  such  outbreaks  have  been  tracd  to 
some  irritating  poison  which  they  liad  taken  witl.  tii.ir 
food  or  drinking  water. 

Preventive  Treatment  :  Remove  the  -  orted  la;nbs 
or  kids  and  afterbirth  irom  the  yards,  and  also  with- 
draw the  ewe  or  nanny  and  place  her  in  comfortable 
quarters.  She  requires  care  and  extra  nursing,  or  she 
will  become  very  poor  and  lose  a  large  portion  of  her 

fleece, 

Medical  Treatmekt  :  If  due  to  poisonous  plants,  etc., 
when  the  first  symptoms  of  Abortion  or  poisoning  are 
noticed,  give  six  to  ten  ounces  of  Castor  Oil.  Warm 
tlu  oil  so  it  will  run  freely.  Set  the  sheep  or  go  c  upon 
its  liaunclies  and  pour  very  slowly.  Great  care  must  be 
exercised  so  as  not  to  let  any  of  the  oil  enter  the  lungs, 
as  it  may  produce  fatal  pneumonia.  Feed  food  that  is 
easily  digested  and  supply  them  with  pure  water  to 
<h-ink.  When  the  general  condition  is  weak  or  run 
down,  so  to  speak,  the  following  tonic  is  recommended : 
Pnlv.  Gentian  Root,  one  ounce ;  Pulv.  Xux  Vomi*.  a,  one 
ounce;  Pulv.  Potassium  Nitrate,  one  ounce;  Hynosul- 
phite  of  Soda,  three  ounces;  Protan,  three  ounces.  Mix 
and  make  into  twenty-four  powders.  Give  one  powder 
two  or  three  times  daily  well  back  on  the  tongue. 

Remember  all  tonics  are  bitter,  therefore  beware  of 

196 


1 


196 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


any  so-called  tonics  that  the  animals  eat  readily,  as  these 
possess  no  real  tonic  values. 

BLACK  SCOURS 

(Verminous  Gastritis— Strorif/ylosis) 
Cause:  -  Due  to  a  worm  (Strongylus  Contortus)  meas- 
uring one-fourth  to  one  inch  in  length,  inhabiting  the 
intestines  and  the  fourth  stomach  of  sheep  and  goats. 
This  disease  is  frequently  seen  in  low,  marshy  pastures, 
where  animals  infested  with  the  worm  pass  the  ova  or 
egg  with  the  feces,  the  eggs  developing  into  an  embry- 
otic  worm  which  is  again  taken  with  the  food  or  water  by 
non-infected  animals,  whereby  this  disease  again  at- 
tacks the  intestines  and  fully  matured  worms  develop. 

Symptoms  :  Naturally,  the  symptoms  vary  according 
to  the  violence  of  the  attack.  In  well  developed  cases, 
the  animal  strains  to  defecate,  and  passes  shreds  of  in- 
testinal mucous  along  with  blood-stained  feces.  Finally 
a  severe  dysentery  takes  place,  the  animal  becomes  cor- 
respondingly weak,  and  death  takes  place  in  two  or  three- 
days.  Some  cases  bct'ome  chronic,  in  which  death  does 
not  take  place  for  a  month  or  more.  However,  the 
latter  is  uncommon.  Other  signs  are  staggering  gait, 
trembling,  eyes  fixed,  showing  wild  expression,  neck 
turned  to  one  side.  Then  the  animal  appears  as  if  in 
pain,  and  looks  around  at  the  flank  frequently.  There  is 
a  chopping  of  the  jaws,  and  a  very  free  flow  of  stringy 
saliva  dropping  from  the  mouth.  When  an  animal  dies 
from  the  s\nnptoms  just  described,  it  should  be  cut  open 
and  (arefiilly  examined  for  this  particular  parasite, 
which  'an  be  easily  seen  with  the  naked  eye. 

Treatment  :  Very  successfully  treated  when  the  first 
sjTuptonis  appear  by  administering  one  ounce  of  Gaso- 
lene with  a  pint  o^'  Milk.  To  lambs  or  kids  give  half 
the  dose.  Every  precaution  should  be  taken  so  as  to 
prevent  the  drench  from  entering  the  lungs.  Perhaps 
the  best  method  is  to  set  the  animal  on  its  haunches  and 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        197 

pour  the  liquid  slowly  and  carefully;  if  they  cough,  let 
them  down.  Any  drench  entering  the  lungs  produces 
fatal  pneumonia.  Feed  good  nourishing  food,  and 
supply  them  with  fresh  water  to  drink. 

CATARRH 

(Cold  in  the  Head) 
Cause:  Atmospheric  changes,  sudden  exposure  to 
cold,  wet  weather  after  being  accustomed  to  warm,  com- 
fortable surroundings,  inhaling  Just,  smoke  and  gases 
or,  in  fact,  anything  that  will  produce  an  irritation  to 
the  membranes  lining  the  nose;  commonly  seen  m  the 

spring  and  fall. 

Symptoms:  Chilling,  elevation  of  temperature,  nose 
dry,  breathing  hurried,  sneezing,  coughing,  dullness,  ap- 
petite varied.  In  the  first  stages  of  the  malady,  the 
nostrils  aro  considerably  inflamed,  but  in  the  course  of 
a  few  days  the  temperature  subsides  and  a  yellowish- 
white  discharge  flows  from  the  nose  continuously. 

Treatment:  Keep  the  affected  animals  dry,  omit 
drafts,  feed  good,  wholesonie  food,  and  provide  bedding 
for  them  to  lie  upon.  In  the  first  stages  of  this  malady, 
it  is  advisable  to  confine  the  animals  in  a  barn,  closing 
the  windows  and  doors  and  compelling  them  to  inhale 
steam  from  boiling  hot  water  and  Pine  Tar.  The  best 
method  to  accomplish  this  is  by  placing  a  tub  about  half 
full  of  water  in  the  center  of  the  bam  and  add  about  one 
gallon  of  Pine  Tar.  Then  heat  bricks  or  stones  and 
place  them  into  the  tub.  In  this  way  a  large  number 
can  be  treated  at  one  time.  The  sheep  should  be  com- 
pelled to  inhale  this  steam  for  thirty  to  forty  minutes 
twice  a  day.  In  addition  to  the  above,  the  following  is 
very  beneficial :  Chlorate  of  Potash,  one  ounce ;  Nitrate 
of  Potassi,  two  ounces.  Make  into  sixteen  powders  and 
give  one  powder  to  each  sheep  in  its  drinking  water  two 
or  three  times  daily.  Feed  hot  bran  mashes  and  vege- 
tables if  possible. 


198 


m 


THE   VETERINARIAN 
DIARRHOEA 


(Dysentery) 

Cause:  Diarrlia?a,  or  Dysentery,  is  a  sign  of  some 
irritation  of  the  intestines  resulting  in  increased  secre- 
tions, or  increased  muscular  contraction,  or  both.  The 
irritation  is  sometimes  the  result  of  chilling  from  ex- 
posure, improper  feeding,  as  contaminated  or  frozen 
foods,  irritating  foods,  drinking  cold  or  stagnant  water, 
indigestion,  organic  diseases  of  the  intestines,  or  para- 
sitic diseases.     (See  Strongylosis.) 

Symptoms:  Movements  from  the  bowels  are  fre- 
quent, at  first  consisting  of  thin  fecal  matter,  but  as 
this  malady  progresses  it  becomes  watery  and  offensive 
in  smell,  and  streaked  with  blood.  At  first  the  animal 
shows  no  constitutional  disturbances,  but  eventually  it 
becomes  weak  and  shows  signs  of  abdominal  pain  by 
looking  around  to  the  flank,  throwing  the  feet  together, 
lying  down,  or  moving  restlessly.  Sometimes  this  dis- 
ease is  accompanied  by  fever,  great  depression,  loss  of 
strength,  rapid  loss  of  flesh ;  terminating  in  death. 

Treatment:  Determine  the  cause  and  remove  it  if 
possible.  When  the  disease  is  duo  to  irritating  proper- 
ties of  food  which  have  been  fed  the  animal,  it  is  well 
to  give  a  physic  of  Castor  Oil  in  two  to  six  ounce  doses, 
according  to  the  size  of  the  animal.  When  there  is 
debility,  want  of  appetite,  and  temperature  normal,  but 
continuous  water  discharge  from  the  bowels,  give  Pro- 
tan,  two  ounces ;  Gum  Cathechu,  one  ounce ;  Pulv.  Ginger, 
one  ounce;  Zinc  Sulphocarbolates,  eight  grains.  Make 
into  sixteen  powders  and  give  one  powder  on  the  tongue 
every  three  or  four  hours,  according  to  the  severity  of 
the  attack.  Feed  food  that  is  easily  digested,  as  wheat 
bran  mashes,  steamed  rolled  oats,  etc.  See  that  the 
drinkinff  water  is  fresh  and  clean. 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        199 


FOOT    ROT 

(Foul  in  the  Foot) 

Cause  :  Foot  Rot  is  produced  by  inflammation  of  the 
soft  structures  of  the  foot  between  the  claws  or  toes.  It 
may  be  due  to  an  overgrowth  and  inward  pressure,  etc., 
or  from  filth  accumulating  and  hardening  between  the 
claws,  producing  inflammation  and  softening  or  ulcer- 
ation of  the  skin  in  the  interdigital  space  (between  the 
claws).  Under  some  conditions  several  sheep  or  goats 
in  the  same  drove  become  affected  at  the  same  time, 
leading  many  to  think  that  the  disease  is  contagious. 
When  Foot  Rot  appears  in  a  very  short  time,  among 
sheep  or  goats,  this  condition  can  almost  always  be 
traced  to  filth,  irritation,  etc. 

SymptoxMs:  The  animal  is  observed  to  limp  when 
walking.  On  careful  examination  of  the  foot  we  find  it 
hot,  swollen  above  the  claws  and  in  the  soft  parts  be- 
tween them,  frequently  spreading  the  claws  apart  to  a 
considerable  extent,  or  the  inflammation  may  have  ad- 
vanced to  softening  and  sloughing  of  the  soft  structure 
between  the  claws.  If  this  condition  is  neglected  at  this 
stage,  deep  abscesses  form  and  the  pus  burrows  under 
the  horny  wall,  and  the  joints  within  the  hoof  become 
inflamed  and  destroyed,  in  which  case  the  treatment  is 
difficult  and  recovery  will  be  very  arduous. 

Treatment:  In  the  early  stages  of  the  disease,  be- 
fore the  pus  burrows  beneath  the  horny  structures  of 
the  foot,  any  foreign  substances  impacted  between  the 
claws  should  be  removed.  Then  place  a  trough  about  one 
foot  w'de,  six  to  eight  inches  high,  and  twelve  to  sixteen 
feet  long,  and  fill  with  water  and  Coal  Tar  Dip,  diluted 
in  proportions  of  one  part  dip  to  fifty  parts  of  water. 
Build  a  fence  on  each  side  of  the  trough,  just  wide  enough 
for  one  sheep  to  pass  through,  and  compel  every  sheep 
to  walk  through  the  solution  slowly. 

This  treatment  should  be  repeated  once  or  twice  a 


I 


200  THE   VETERINARIAN 

week  until  the  lair-ness  lias  disappeared.  In  cases 
where  deep  sloughing  lias  taken  place  imder  the  homy 
structures,  saturate  a  piece  of  oakum  oV  cotton  in  the 
following  liniment:  Oil  of  Origanum,  Oil  of  Pisis,  Oil 
of  Turpentine,  each  four  ounces.  Place  it  between  the 
claws  and  hold  it  there  by  means  of  a  bandage.  Repeat 
this  application  every  other  day.    The  animals  that  do 


Delaine  Mebixo  Kam  and  Ewes. 

not  show  signs  of  improvement  under  this  treatment  in 
ti  few  days  invariably  have  the  joints  of  the  foot  affected 
and  should  not  be  driven. 


FORAGE  POISONING 

Cause:  This  condition  is  produced  V  animals  eating 
various  foliage  (Grass  or  Shrubbery)  at  a  time  when 
the  peculiar  poisonous  principles  are  developed  in  it,  as 


H; 


DISEASES  OP  SHEEP  AND  GOATS       201 

appears  to  happen  in  certain  seasont  The  disease  is 
liable  to  affect  a  large  proportion  of  animals  which  re 
under  the  same  grazing  conditions. 

Symptoms:  Generally  takes  tvfo  or  three  days  to 
develop.  The  animal  gradually  becomes  more  or  less 
unconscious  and  paralyzed,  staggers  when  forced  to 
walk,  and  it  may  have  great  difficulty  in  keeping  on  its 
feet,  it  is  extremely  averse  to  going  down,  and  leans  for 
support  against  any  convenient  object.  It  breathes  m  a 
snorting  manner.  The  mucous  membranes  are  tinged 
with  yellow,  and  the  bowels  constipated.  In  other  cases 
severe  diarrhcea  follows,  and  the  animal  becomes  very 
weak  and  dies  in  convulsions  or  spasms.  Recovery  may 
be  expected  in  cases  that  are  not  marked  by  severe 

svraptoms. 

'  Treatment  :    Endeavor  to  find  out  the  true  cause  and 
remove  it  if  possible.     Charge  range  or  pasture  for  a 
short  time;  this  has  successfully  eradicated  this  malady. 
The  animal  showing  the  above  symptoms  should  receive 
four  to  eight  ounces  of  Castor  OU  regardless  of  whether 
there  is  diarrhoea  or  constipation.    In  either  case  the 
irritation  will  be  reliev.^d  by  its  laxative  effect.    In  cases 
where  diarrhoea  becomes  chronic,  after  administering 
the  Castor  Oil,  the  following  will  be  found  very  efficient 
in  its  control :    Protan,  threp  ounces ;  Ginger,  one  ounce ; 
Gum  Catechv    two  ounces.    Make  into  sixteen  powders 
and  place  one  powder  well  back  on  the  tongue  every  four 
or  six  hours.    Feed  clean,  wholesome  food  and  supply 
clean,  fresh  water  to  drink.     Provide  shelter  for  the 
animal  if  the  weatner  is  hot. 


GARGET 

(Congestion  and  Inflammation  of  the  Udder) 
Cause:    As  a  rule     .1  Garget  or  Congestion  of  the 
Udder  in  heavy  milking  ewes,  just  before  and  after 
lambing,  the  glands  of  the  udder  enlarge,  become  hot, 


I 


i 


202 


THE  VETERINARIAN 


tense  and  tender  and  a  slight  pasty  swelling  extends 
forward  from  the  glands  on  the  lower  surface  of  th'  ab- 
domen. This  physiological  condition  is  looked  upon  as  a 
matter  of  course  and  disposed  of  in  two  or  three  days 
when  the  secretions  of  milk  have  been  fully  established. 
General  breaking  up  of  the  udder  may  be  greatly  has- 
tened by  the  sucking  of  a  hungry  lamb  and  the  kneading 
it  gives  the  udder  with  its  nose  is  beneficial.  The  above 
mentioned  congestion  or  Garget  may  emerge  into  active 
inflammation  resulting  from  continued  exposure  to  cold 
weather,  standing  in  cold  drafts  or  injury  to  the  udder 
from  stone,  clubs,  feet  of  other  animals,  overfeeding  or 
rich  food,  like  cotton  seed  or  soy  bean,  sore  teats  or  a  ewe 
losing  her  lamb  in  the  period  of  full  milking;  serious  dis- 
turbances of  the  animal's  health  is  liable  to  fall  upon  the 
udder. 

Symptoms  :  The  sv-mptom^  and  mode  of  attack  vary  in 
different  cases.  Following  exposure  to  cold  drafts  or 
cold,  wet  weather,  there  is  usually  severe  chilling  with 
cold  ears  and  limbs  and  general  dryness  and  brittleness 
of  the  wool.  This  is  followed  by  a  flush  of  heat,  the  ears 
and  limbs  become  unnaturally  warm  and  the  glands  swell 
up  and  become  firm  and  solid  in  one  or  both  sides  of  the 
udder.  The  muzzle  is  hot  and  dry,  temperature  ele- 
vated two  or  three  degrees  above  normal,  pulse  firm  and 
quick,  excited  breathing,  appetite  and  rumination  sus- 
pended, bowels  constipated,  urine  scanty  and  the  yield 
of  milk  may  be  entirely  suppressed  in  the  affected  side. 

Treatment:  Determine  the  cause  and  remove  it  if 
possible.  Move  the  affected  animal  to  comfortable 
quarters,  supply  liberal  quantities  of  bedding  for  the 
animal  to  lie  on.  Give  two  to  six  ounces  of  Glauber 
Salts  dissolve  a  in  a  pint  of  hot  water.  Permit  it  to  cool. 
Place  the  ewe  on  her  haunches  and  drench  carefully. 
Feed  laxative  foods  as  hot  bran  mashes,  steamed  rolled 
oats  and  vegetables,  supplying  the  animal  with  pure 
water  to  drink,  to  which  add  two  drams  of  Hyposulphite 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        203 

of  Soda,  two  or  three  limes  t»  day.  In  some  cases  it  is 
advisable  to  apply  Caiupaorated  Ointment  to  the  udder 
once  or  twice  a  day.        

GID 

(Sturdy) 
Cause:    Gid  is  produced  by  a  bladder  worm,  a  larva 
or  an  egg  of  the  tapeworm  infesting  the  intestines  of 
dogs,  wolves  and  coyotes.    The  eggs  of  these  tapeworms 
are  scattered  over  the  range  or  pastures  in  the  droppmgs 
of  infested  dogs,  wolves  or  coyotes,  and  these  when 
swallowed  in  the  food  or  water  by  the  sheep,  hatch  out 
and  the  embryos  migrate  to  the  brain,  spinal  cord,  etc., 
where  thev  develop  into  cysts,  bladder  worms  or  water 
bags,  etc. '  When  the  organs  of  sheep,  thus  infested,  are 
eaten  by  dogs,  wolves  or  coyotes,  the  cyst  worms  are 
also  likely  to  be  swallowed  and  then  develop  into  ma- 
ture tapeworms. 

Symptoms:  In  case  a  large  number  of  embryos  be- 
come lodged  in  the  brain  of  sheep,  the  first  sii,ns  will  be 
shown  in  about  eight  to  twelve  days.  B'adder  worms 
produce  a  congestion  of  the  brain  which  causes  dullness, 
dizziness,  indicating  an  affection  of  the  1>  n,  walking  or 
turning  in  circles.  If  the  left  side  of  the  brain  is  af- 
fected, thev  will  turn  to  the  left;  if  the  right  side  is  af- 
fected, they  will  turn  to  the  right.  The  head  eventually 
droops,  the  eyes  become  red  and  the  vision  is  impaired, 
the  head  very  hot  over  the  affected  region,  the  affected 
sLeep  become  separated  from  the  flock.  Sometimes  the 
sheep  are  partially  or  completely  paralyzed. 

Pben'entiox  :  Prevention  is  the  only  method  by  which 
this  disease  can  be  eradicated.  Prevent  the  sheep  from 
becoming  infected  with  these  parasites.  Stray  dogs,  wolves 
or  coyotes  should  be  killed  whenever  found,  and  dogs  too 
valuable  to  kill  should  be  kept  free  from  tapeworm.  Meat 
should  not  be  fed  to  dogs  unless  cooked  or  knowTi  to  be 
free  from  tapeworm  cysts. 


i    . 


I 


204  THE   VETERINARIAN 

GRUBS  IN  THE  HEAD 

(Head  Maggot) 

Cause:  Grubs  in  the  head  of  sheep  are  produced  by 
the  Sheep  Gadfly  which  is  yellowish-gray  in  color  with 
five  well  divided  rings  around  its  body,  covered  over  with 
fine  hair  and  the  lower  portion  of  the  head  white.  This 
fly  is  somewhat  larger  than  the  ordinary  house  fly.  It 
attacks  sheep  and  goats  during  the  Summer  and  Fall 
and  deposits  its  larva  about  the  sheep's  and  goat's  nos- 
trils. This  larva  attaches  itself  to  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  nostrils  with  two  hooKlets  by  which  it  grad- 
ually works  into  the  air  cavities  of  the  head,  remaining 
there  for  about  ten  months.  Then  it  again  passes  from 
the  nostrils,  burrows  into  the  ground  and  becomes  a 
fully  matured  Gadfly  in  six  or  eight  weeks,  which  com- 
pletes its  life  cycle,  the  head  of  the  sheep  or  goat  being 
its  intermediate  host  where  the  newly  born  Gadfly  again 
attaches  its  larva. 

Symptoms  :  When  sheep  or  goats  are  attacked  by  this 
Gadfly,  they  run,  strike  at  the  nose  with  their  front 
feet,  rub  the  nose  on  the  ground  or  against  other  sheep. 
In  case  only  three  or  four  larvae  gain  entrance  to  the 
sinuses  of  the  head,  they  produce  very  little,  if  any,  ill 
effects,  but  where  they  become  numerous,  they  cause  the 
animal  to  cough  and  sneeze  continually,  discharge  from 
the  nose,  which  is  occasionally  tinged  with  blood.  The 
appetite  becomes  impaired,  the  animal  shows  signs  of 
emaciation,  becomes  very  weak,  raises  the  nose  in  the 
air,  but  eventually  becomes  so  weak  it  reels  when  walk- 
ing and  finally  lies  down.  It  becomes  so  weak  it  cannot 
toss  the  head  or  rise,  and  dies. 

Prevention  Treatment  :  Very  successful.  Paint  the 
sheep's  or  goat's  nose  with  Pine  Tar,  or  better  still,  place 
salt  in  a  trough,  covering  it  with  boards,  with  holes  bored 
in  them  just  large  enough  for  the  animal  to  insert  its 
nose.    Smear  Pine  Tar  about  the  holes  once  or  twice  a 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        205 

week.    This  treatment  has  proven  very  efficient  in  lo- 
calities where  sheep  Gadflies  are  numerous. 

Medical  Treatment:  After  the  animal  once  becomes 
infected  with  these  grubs,  bore  holes  (trephine)  through 
the  skull  with  a  sharp  instrument  made  for  this  purpose 
and  remove  the  grubs.  This  requires  considerable 
amount  of  skill  and  should  be  attempted  only  by  a  com- 
petent Veterinarian.        

HOVEN 
(Bloating— Acute  Tynpanitis— Acute  Indigestion) 
Cause:    Hoven  is  caused  by  various  kinds  of  food 
which  produce  indigestion  or  fermentation  and  resultant 
gases  -n  the  rumen  or  paunch.    When  sheep  are  first 
turned  into  young  clover,  they  eat  so  greedily  of  it  that 
bloating  frequently  results.    Turnips,  potatoes  and  cab- 
bage may  also  produce  it.    Middlings  and  corn  meal  also 
frequently  give  rise  to  it.    In  this  connection  it  may  be 
stated  that  an  excessive  quantity  of  any  food,  before 
mentioned,  may  bring  ju  this  disorder,  or  it  may  not  be 
due  to  excessive  eating  but  to  eating  too  fast.    Sometimos 
the  qualitv  of  food  is  at  fault.    Grass,  clover  or  alfalfa, 
Avhen  wet' with  dew  or  rain  soaked,  frequently  produce 
digestive  disorders  and  bloating  follows.    Frozen  roots 
or  potatoes  covered  with  white  frost  should  be  regprded 
as  dangerous.    When  food  has  been  eaten  too  hastily  or 
when  it  is  cold  and  wet,  the  digestive  process  is  imper- 
fectly performed  and  the  food  contained  in  the  paunch 
ferments,  during  which  process  large  quantities  of  gas 
are  formed.    This  same  result  may  follow  when  a  sheep 
is  choking,  as  the  obstruction  in  the  gullet  prevents  the 
eructation  or  passing  of  gas  from  the  stomach  so  that 
the  gas  continues  to  aceuranlate  until  severe  bloating 

results.    ' 

Symptoms  :  The  swelling  of  the  left  flank  is  very  char- 
acteristic, as  in  well  marked  cases  the  flank  at  its  upper 
part  rises  above  the  level  of  the  backbone  and  when 


L»06 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


struck  with  the  tips  of  the  fingers  emits  a  drum-like 
sound.  The  animal  has  an  anxious  expression,  moves 
uneasily  and  is  evidently  distressed.  If  relief  is  not 
obtained  in  time  the  sheep  breathes  with  difficulty,  rods 
in  walking  or  standing  and  in  a  short  time  falls  down  and 
dies  from  suffocation.  The  distention  of  the  stomach 
or  rumen  may  become  so  great  that  it  pushes  the  dia- 
phragm (the  membrane  separating  the  lung  and  intestinal 
cavity)  forward  against  the  lungs,  so  as  to  squeeze  and 
stop  their  movements,  thus  preventing  the  animal  from 
breathing  and  in  some  instances  the  case  may  be  compli- 
cated by  a  rupture  of  the  stomach. 

Treatment:  Do  not  waste  any  time.  Puncture  about 
three  inches  downward  and  forward  from  the  point  of 
the  hip  bono  with  a  clean  sharp  knife,  or  any  instrument 
that  is  clean  and  sharp.  A  special  instrument  ihade  for 
this  purpose,  the  trocar,  is  a  very  useful  instrument  on 

the  farm. 

Sometimes  bloating  becomes  chronic,  and  if  such  is  the 
case  dissolve  two  teaspoonfuls  of  Turpentine  in  one- 
half  pint  of  milk  and  drench  tlie  animal  very  carefully, 
as  some  of  this  drench  may  escape  into  the  lungs  and 
produce  fatal  pneumonia.  Set  a  sheep  upon  its  haunches 
to  give  the  medicine ;  if  it  coughs  let  it  down  quickly  to 
prevent  strangulation. 


INDIGESTION 

(Dyspepsia) 
Cause:  Irritant  food,  damaged  food,  overloaded 
paunch  or  sudden  change  of  diet  may  produce  this  dis- 
ease. Want  of  exercise  predisposes  an  animal  to  it  and 
it  is  caused  by  woody  or  indigestible  food.  Food  which 
possesses  astringent  (drying)  properties  tend.;  to  check 
the  digestive  secretions  and  may  also  act  as  an  excitinsr 
cause.  Food  in  excessive  quantity  may  lead  to  disoi'ders 
of  the  digestion  and  to  this  disease.    It  is  very  likely  ta 


inSEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS   207 

appear  towards  the  end  of  tlie  protracted  aeasoP  of 
draught,  therefore  a  deficiency  of  water  must  be  regarded 
as  one  of  the  conditions  which  favors  its  development. 

Symptoms:    Appetite     diminished;     rumination,     or 
chewing  the  cud,  irregular;  tongue  coated,  mouth  sUnay, 
feces  passed  apparently  not  well  digested  and  offi'usive 
in  odor,  dulhiess  and  fulhiess  of  the  flanks.    This  disease 
may,  in  some  cases,  assxune  a  olironic  characUfr,  for  in 
addition  to  th«>  above  mentioned  symptoms,  slight  bloat- 
ing of  the   left  flank  nmy  be  observed.     The  aninml 
bn-athes  with  great  diffieidty  and  grunts  with  each  res- 
piration.   The  ears  and  legs  alternately  become  hot  and 
fold.     The  rumination,  or  cud  chewing,  at  this  stage 
ceases  and  the  usual  rumbling  sound  in  the  stomach  is 
not  audibb'.    Tlr  passage  of  feces  is  entirely  suspended 
and  tiie  aniinnl  passes  only  a  little  mucus  occasionally. 
Soiu<'times  co-.stipatii ..  and  diarrhoea  alternate;  thr re  is 
a  rise  in  temperature  in  many  cases.    The  disease  con- 
tinues for  a  few  days  or  a  week  in  this  mild  form, 
whih;  the  severe  form  of  the  disease  may  last  for  sev- 
eral weeks.    In  the  severe  form  the  emaciation  and  loss 
of  strength  may  be  very  great.    There  is  no  appetite, 
no  rumination  or  rumbling  sound  in  the  stomach  or 
intestines.    The  mouth  is  hot  and  sticky,  the  eyes  have 
retracted  in  their  sockets  and  the  milk  secretion  has 
ceased.     In  such  case>4  the  outlook  for  recovery  is  un- 
favorable.   The  affected  animals  fall  away  in  ^ 
become  very  Aveak,  which  is  shown  by  the  fact 
finds  the  animal  lying  doAvn. 

On  examination  of  sheep  or  goats  which  have  died  of 
this  disease,  it  is  found  that  the  lining  membranes  of  the 
fourth  stomach  and  intestines,  particularly  the  small 
intestines,  are  red,  swollen,  streaked  with  deep  red  or 
blushed  lines  or  spotted.  The  lining  of  the  third  stomach 
is  more  or  less  softened  and  may  be  easily  pealed  off. 
The  third  stomach  contains  dry,  hard  food  masses,  closely 
adhering  to  its  walls.    In  some  cases  the  brain  appears  to 


.  .(I 
.)ne 


208  THK   VETERINARIAN 

become  affected,  probably  from  the  pain  eiulurea  and 
weakness  and  absorption  of  poisons  generated  in  the 
cUgestive  canal.  In  sncli  cases  there  is  weakness  and  a 
staggering  gait;  the  sheep  or  goats  do  not  appear  to  see, 
and  will  consequently  run  against  obstacles.  After  a 
time  i*  falls  down  and  gives  up  to  a  violent  <hsordered 
struggh'  This  delirious  condition  is  succo<>ded  by  stupor 
and  death. 


Champion  Siinci-sHiKE  Ham. 
Owned  by  MeKerrow  &  8or.,  I'ewaukce,  Wis. 

Treatmext:  Successful,  if  fed  in  its  first  stages  on 
small  quantities  of  roots,  sweet  eilage  or  select  grasses 
or  hay.  This  should  be  offered  several  times  daily,  ^ery 
little  food  should  be  allowed  if  the  animal  is  constipated, 
in  which  case  give  two  to  four  ounces  of  Glauber  Salts 
dissolved  in  a  pint  of  hot  water.    When  it  cools,  set  the 


f    ■ 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        201* 

animal  on  its  haunches  afnd  pour  slowly  and  carefully. 
If  they  strangle  or  cough  let  them  down,  as  some  of  the 
drench  may  escape  into  the  lungs  and  P'od^^^^i^^'ri 
plications.    After  the  Glauber  Salts  have  acted  and  if 
There  is  a  lack  of  appetite  and  the  animal  does  not  chew 
the  cud  regularly,  the  following  tome  will  be  found  bene- 
ficial:   Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  one  ounce;  Pulv.  Nux  Vom- 
ica.  one  ounce;  Pulv.  Anise  Seed,  two  ounces.    Mix  thor- 
oughly  and  make  into  thirty-two  powders.     Give  o.  . 
powder  two  or  three  times  a  day  well  back  on  the  tongue^ 
The  food  must  be  rather  laxative  and  of  a  digestible 
character.    After  an  attack  of  this  form  o    indigestion 
ice  cold  water  should  be  avoided.  Food  should  be  given  in 
moderate  quantities,  as  any  excess  by  overtaxing  the 
digestive  functions  may  bring  on  a  relapse. 

JAUNDICE 
(Liver  Congestioti^-Inflammation  of  the  Liver) 
Causk:    Jaundice  or  Liver  Congestion  is  due  to  con- 
stipation  where  there  is  an  inactive  or  torpid  condition 
of  the  bowels  and  the  bile  which  passes  into  the  intes- 
tines is  absorbed  and  produces  a  yellow  «taimng  of 
Jaundice.    Jaundice  is  merely  a  symptom  of  a  disease 
and  ought  to  direct  attention  to  ascertain  if  possible  the 
cause  or  causes  which  give  rise  to  it.    Inflammation  of 
the  liver  usually  occurs  as  a  complication  of  infectious 
diseases.    It  may  also  occur  as  a  complication  of  intes- 
tinal catarrh,  or  in  hot  weather  from  overheating  eating 
decomposed  or  irritating  food  or  from  drinking  stagnant 

''symptoms:  The  signs  are  sometimes  obscure  and 
their  real  significance  is  frequently  overlooked.  The  most 
prominent  symptoms  are  the  yellowness  of  the  white  of 
the  eyes  and  of  the  mucous  membranes  hning  the  mouth, 
appetite  poor,  body  presents  an  emaciated  appearance 
the^  feces  is  Ught  in  color,  while  the  urme  is  likely  to  be 


14 


210 


THE    VETERINARIAN 


imusually  dark  and  there  is  great  thirst  present.  The 
^ait  is  weak  and  the  animal  lies  down  more  than  usual 
and  while  doin^  so  frequently  has  its  head  around  resting 
on  th«'  side  of  its  chest.  Temperature  is  slightly  elevated 
above  normnl  and  breathing  is  somewhat  hurried. 

Treatment:  Remove  the  cause  if  possible.  (Jive 
(Tlaul)er  Salts  in  three  to  four  ounce  doses,  diluted  in  u 
l)int  of  hot  water  permitted  to  cool  and  give  at  one  dose. 
When  drenching  be  very  careful,  as  some  of  the  liquid 
may  escape  into  the  lungs  and  produce  severe  complica- 
tions. Feed  green  food  or  hot  bran  mashes  and  supply 
thern  with  a  liberal  quantity  of  pure  water  to  drink. 

LIVER  FLUKE 

Cavse:  The  parasite  that  produces  Liver  Fluke  in 
sheep  has  an  o])long,  Hat,  leaf-like  body,  brownish  in 
color,  measuring  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  inch  in 
length.  Sheep  bec"s!ne  infected  with  this  Liver  Fluke 
from  grazing  on  low  marshy  pastures  infected  by  the 
larvae  of  Ijiver  Fluke. 

Symptoms:  A  sheep,  when  first  infected  with  Liver 
Fluke,  generally  thrives  as  the  parasites  tend  to  stimulate 
the  process  of  digestion,  being  located  as  they  are  in 
the  liver,  but  eventually  rumination  becomes  irregular, 
the  sheep  l»econies  anemic,  weak  and  tlie  visible  mucous 
membranes  of  the  moutli,  nose  and  eyes  become  pale, 
bloodless,  taking  on  a  yellowish  color  as  the  disease  pro- 
gresses. Swellings  will  also  appear  under  the  jaw  along 
the  neck  and  under  the  lung  cavity.  The  process  of 
Ijreatliing  bec^-Mcs  feeble  and  temperature  irregular. 
Pregnant  ewe.  will  generally  abort  and  nursing  ewes' 
milk  will  become  so  deprived  of  its  nourishing  properties 
that  the  land)s  become  emaciated,  although  not  neces- 
sarily affected  witli  the  Liver  Fluke. 

PsEVENTiox  :  Move  to  non-infected  i)astures,  supply 
the  aniiiials  grazing  on  low  marshy  pastures  with  a 
lilteral  amount  of  salt,  also  introduce  frogs,  toads,  carp, 


. 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        211 

etc.,  into  the  marshy  ponds,  as  they  destroy  the  parasite 
in  its  first  stages  of  development,  feedmg  on  their  mt.^r- 
mediate  host,  the  snail. 

Medical  Treatment:  This  is  of  htth,  valur.  After 
an  animal  once  becomes  infected  ^vith  the  parasite,  it 
never  makes  a  complete  recovery,  although  Calom.-l  ad- 
nunistered  in  ten  grain  doses  every  two  or  three  vv-c-eks 
appears  to  have  a  very  good  effect  in  some  cas<.s,  if  fed 
freely  on  nitrogenous  food  and  permitted  to  drink  well 
of  pure  running  water. 

LUNG  FEVER 

(rueumonia-Congestimt  of  the  Lunfjs-Pidmomry 

Apoplexy) 
Vcute  congestion  and  inflammation  of  the  spongy  tis- 
sues of  the  lungs  is  frequently  seen  in  sheep,  the  same  as 

in  other  animals.  i  •    ^   ^^ 

Cause:     Sheep  that   are   overdriven   are   subject   to 
Lung  Congestion  in  acute  or  chronic  form  and  sometimes 
Pulmonarv  Apoplexy,  and  especially  when  in  a  ph'thoric 
eondition  are  pre<lisposed  to  inflammation  of  the  lungs 
The  exciting  cause  is  very  much  the  same  as  in  different 
diseases  of  the  air  passage  and  it  is  not  uncommon  tor 
the  inflammation  to  extend  from  these  parts  of  the  lungs. 
However,  there  are  a  number  of  causes  in  addition  to 
those  alreadv  mentioned.     It  frequently  results  when 
sheep  are  accustomed  to  warm,  comfortable  quarters  and 
are  changed  to  cold,  drafty  pens,  or  shipping  some  dis- 
tance in  open  stock  cars  <luring  cold  weather.    In  tact, 
anv  sudden  chilling  of  the  body  is  a  common  cause  ot 
lung  disorders.    Giving  fat  sheep  too  much  exercise  when 
thev  are  not  accustomed  to  it  is  a  very  frequent  cause  of 
Con<-estion  and  Inflammation  of  the  Lungs.    This  may 
occur  when  thev  are  chased  by  dogs,  etc.,  or  when  driven 
to  a  distant  market  at  too  rapid  a  gait.    Exercise  durmg 
the  hot  summer  months  is  apt  to  cause  congestion  of  the 
king  substance,  as  well  as  heat  stroke.    Dipping  .hoop 


212 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


11 


during  cold  weather  may  chill  the  body  and  result  in 
this  disease. 

Symptoms  :    If  due  to  severe  exercise,  the  animal  ap- 
pears greatly  exhausted  and  the  Congestion  of  the  Lungs 
is  marked.    Death  may  occur  in  this  stage  of  the  disease. 
Inflammation  of  the  Lungs  usually  begins  with  a  chill 
and  is  followed  by  a  high  fever.    The  sheep  stand  most 
of  the  time  and  may  eat  nothing,  or  very  little.    The 
breathing  is  hurried  at  first,  but  when  the  lungs  become 
badly  involved,  it  is  also  labored.    The  character  of  the 
pulse  beats  varies,  depending  on  the  extent  of  the  in- 
flammation and  the  stage  of  the  disease.    In  most  cases 
the  pulse  is  full  and  quick  during  the  early  stages  of  the 
disease.    A  very  weak  pulse  is  present  in  severe  and 
fatal  cases  of  Pneumonia.     The  visible  mucous  mem- 
branes have  a  red  colored  appearance  and  there  may  be  a 
slight  discharge  from  the  nostrils.     The  expression  of 
the  face  is  anxious  and  distressed  in  severe  cases  and 
rigors  and  chilling  of  the  body  occur.    The  respiratory 
sounds  are  more  or  less  normal.    The  cough  at  first  is 
deep  and  dry ;  later  it  becomes  loose  and  moist.    It  may 
be  accompanied  by  a  hemorrhage  during  this  stage  of  the 
disease.    Other  respiratory  sounds  are  revealed  by  plac- 
ing the  ear  to  the  side  of  the  chest  walls  and  listening  to 
the  sound  of  the  lungs.    This  cannot  be  practiced  in  long 
wooled  sheep  with  satisfaction,  as  the  chest  walls  are  so 
thick  that  the  lung  sounds  are  deadened,  or  the  noise 
made  by  the  animal  hides  the  respiratory  murmurs  in 
the  very  early  stages  of  Inflammation  of  the  Lungs.    A 
crepitating  or  crackling  sound  can  be  heard  in  the  dis- 
eased parts  and  louder  sounds  than  normal  in  the  healthy 
areas.     Later  when  the  engorgement  of  the  lung  sub- 
stance occurs  and  tlie  air  cells  become  filled  with  an  in- 
flammatory serum,  the  respiratory  sounds  are  deadened, 
but  on  returning  to  the  normal,  a  rattling  sound  occurs. 
Tlifsr-  5j-mptoms  help  greatly  in  determining  the  animal's 
condition  and  in  watching  the  progress  of  the  disease. 


DISEASES  OP  SHEEP  AND  GOATS 


213 


The  chances  for  the  recovery  depend  on  the  «'«»*«'* 
the  acuteness  of  the  inflammafon.    Care  e«.  handlmg 
exercUine,  etc.,  1  Men  the  chances  for  a  favorable  ter 
SSntn  the'discase,  but  good  care  Ij^'P^"-  °,^™« 
abont  recovery  than  the  medical  treatment.    The  recov 
^^is  more  unfavorable  in  fat  than  in  le«»  *eep  ".s  fte 
inflammation  is  usually  more  severe  in  ^e  'onner.    The 
course  is  from  seven  to  twenty-one  days  and  it  may  be 
come  chronic  if  the  irritation  is  kept  up.    In  such  cases. 

"t^™rr :'  X";lvelvf;;eatmcnt  in  Pneumonia 
J^Z  overlook^ed.  Briefly,  it  consists  in  avrntog 
such  conditions  as  may  predispose  he  ammal  to  «.e  d  » 

ease  or  act  in  any  way  as  an  «f '»«  f*"!^  .„V  ^he 
™rsin<r  is  a  very  important  part  of  the  treatment  The 
sherfhonldbeVn  a  comfortable,  well  ventilated  shed 
I'd Cas  qnief  as  possible.  If  the  bow^s  become  con^ 
stioated  give  two  or  three  ounces  of  Castor  OH  ana  leea 
Ippf  ood.  As  one  attack  predisposes  the  sheep  to  a 
second.  It  should  be  protected  from  serere  cold,  or  the 
other  Ueme,  heat,  for  a  month  after  making  a  com- 

"'TheTSng  prescription  will  be  found  very  bene- 
Jal:  Iodide  of  Ammonia,  one-halt  ""-e ,  OTorate  of 
Potassi  one  ounce  iPulv.Nux  Vomica,  one  ounce.  Make 
fnto  twenty  four  powders  and  give  one  powder  every  four 
ilrs  weU  back  L  the  tongue.  Continue  this  treatment 
until  the  animal  has  recovered. 


^UNG  WORMS,   LAMB   DISEASE 

(Verminous  Bronchitis) 
Cause  •    Due  to  a  white  thread-like  worm  (Strongylus 
FiS'varying  in  length  from  one  to  three  xnches 
ihese  worms  affect  and  live  in  the  trachea  (windpipe) 
and  bronchial  tubes.    Infected  animals,  m  coughing  ex- 
pel  fertilized  eggs  which  develop  on  the  grass  and  stag- 


I 
s 


214 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


HI 


>A> 


I 


nant  water.  The  larvae  are  again  taken  up  either  in  the 
drinking  water  or  in  eating  grass  or  hay  gatliered  on 
low  marshy  soil.  Warm  wet  weather  favors  their  devel- 
opment. 

Symptoms:  This  worm  is  liable  to  attack  a  number 
of  animals  at  the  same  time.  The  weakest  ^'  "ep  and 
young  lambs  are  the  first  to  show  signs  by  oughing 
forcn)ly,  distressing,  liacking  and  convulsive  in  oharacter. 


III-    I 


Champion"  Cotswoi.d  Ewes. 
Owiicil  liy  F.  A.  Koscr,  Biekreall,  Ore. 

A  stringy  mucus  is  sometimes  expelled  during  tlie  spasm 
of  coughing.  This  nmcus  contains  worms  which  can  be 
detected,  or  their  ova  observed  under  a  magnifying  glass. 
In  the  latter  stages  of  the  disease,  they  cough  severely 
at  night.  These  attacks  have  a  sub-acute  character  and 
prove  very  exhausting.  The  parasite  by  becoming  en- 
twined in  balls  severely  affects  the  animal's  breathing 
whicli  is  always  remarkably  labored  in  the  latter  st:;gos 
of  the  disease.    The  animal  refuses  to  eat,  becomes  ema- 


•DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        215 

ciated,  anemic,  mucous  membranes  of  the  eyes,  mouth 
and  nose  become  very  pale  and  the  sheep  die  m  eonvul- 
sionc  from  suffocation. 

PREVENTIVE  Treatment  :  Avoid  grazmg  your  sheep  on 
lov/.narshy  soil,  especially  during  warm  ^^' J^^^^^'^;^ 
Young  lambs  and  weak  ewes  are  especially  susceptible  to 

''medicaTtbeatment:  The  writer  has  tried  various 
treatments  as  fumigation  with  diff;-nt  substances  and 
iniection  of  remedies  into  the  windpipe  by  the  use  of  a 
hypodermic  syringe,  etc.,  but  none  have  proven  very  suc- 
cessful, from  a  practical  standpoint.  I  wou  d  recommend 
p  acing  the  affected  animals  in  a  tightly  f«f  barn  or 
shed,  in  the  center  of  which  place  a  pan  of  red  hot  coals 
and  cover  with  Sulphur. 

A  person  should  remain  in  the  barn  or  shed  as  long  as 
he  possibly  can  and  after  the  fumes  become  so  irritating 
that  he  cannot  endure  them  any  longer,  ho  should  im- 
rnediatelv  make  his  exit.  The  sheep  should  be  compelled 
to  stay  a  minute  or  two  longer  and  then  quickly  open 
the  doors  and  windows.  Kepeat  this  treatment  once  or 
twice  a  week.  Feed  affected  animals  well.  Give  them 
fresh  water  to  drink  and  protect  them  from  exposure 
This  treatment,  as  above  described,  has  given  very  good 
results,  providing  the  parasites  were  not  too  numerous. 

SCAB 

(Mange) 
Cause  :    The  mange  mite  (Psoroptes  Communis) .  This 
parasite  is  equipped  with  stylets  which  pierce    he  skin 
at  the  seat  where  the  mange  mite  Penetrates  the  skin 
and  produces  small  red  spots  followed  by  a  blister  filled 
with  serum,  which  ruptures,  the  serum  drying  and  forni- 
ing  a  small  scab.    It  is  in  this  way  that  innumerable 
„,ange  mites  cause  the  piling  up  of  scaDs  thus  producing 
a  verv  scalv  condition.    As  Mange  advances,  the  scaly 


216 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


patches  ovontually  i)ilo  up  until  they  attain  the  thickness 
of  one-half  inch,  unless  these  scahs  have  been  severely 
rubbed. 

Symptoms  :  Very  easily  detec-ted,  as  a  bunch  of  sheep 
that  have  been  recently  infected  will  be  uneasy  or  rest- 
less, rubbing  against  fe.!ces,  posts,  brush,  etc.,  causing 
bunches  of  wool  to  loosen.  The  itching  seems  to  be  more 
intense  at  night  and  during  warm  weather.  The  affected 
animals  will  even  make  attempts  to  bite  themselves,  due 
to  the  agony  produced  by  the  mange  mite.  If  the  skin  is 
examined  by  the  aid  of  a  magnifying  glass,  the  mange 
mite  can  be  easily  noticed,  or  by  scraping  the  skin  with 
a  knife  and  placing  the  scabs  on  a  dark  paper  and  ex- 
posed to  the  warmth  of  the  sun,  the  mange  mite  moving 
about  can  readily  be  seen  with  the  naked  eye.  Mangy 
sheep  become  very  poor  and  eventually  die. 

Prevextiox  :  This  is  important,  for  although  the  dis- 
<»ase  is  treated  with  very  good  results,  the  mange  v  Ite 
annoy  the  sheep  until  they  become  very  weak  and  ema- 
ciated and  the  loss  of  wool  is  enormous  due  to  the  affected 
animal  continually  rubbing  against  fences,  brush,  etc. 

Treatment:  Consists  of  using  various  dips,  as  Lime 
and  Sulphur,  which  is  recommended  by  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Animal  Indus-try.  This  is  very  effective  and 
inexpensive.  Scabby  sheep  should  be  dipped  a  week  or 
ten  days  after  shearing;  two  dippings  are  necessary  at 
the  inter%'al  of  ten  days.  After  dipping,  move  to  non- 
infected  range  or  pastures. 


TICK 

(Louse  Fly) 

CArsE :  The  tick  that  infects  sheep  has  a  very  small 
head  sunken  into  its  round  body.  The  head  possesses  a 
flexible  trunk  or  snout  that  penetrates  the  skin.  Through 
this  trunk,  the  ticks  derive  their  nourishment  by  sucking 
the  blood  from  the  body  of  the  sheep.    The  tick  is  also 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS        217 

provided  with  three  pairs  of  logs.  The  femah.  lays  lu-r 
young  in  tho  form  of  a  spun  (^gg  (cocoon)  which  is  ob- 
long in  sliape  and  brown  in  color.  This  egg  is  cemented 
to  the  wool  of  sheop  where  young  ticks  are  hatched  in 
about  four  to  six  weeks. 

Symptoms:  Long  woolod  sht«ep  arc  luon?  suscoptible 
to  this  tick  as  their  wool  provides  shelter  for  both  the 
tick  and  its  eggs.  Aft.-r  shearing  the  sheep  the  ticks  have 
a  tendency  to  leave  tlie  hody  and  to  migrate  to  the  legs 
or  to  unshorn  lambs  where  their  snouts  or  trunks  pierce 
the  skin  which  appears  to  become  infected,  producing  a 
swelling  and  inflammation.  The  infected  sheep  run, 
scratch  and  bite  themselves.  When  these  ticks  become 
ileveloped  in  large  quantities,  they  produce  a  paleness 
of  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  eyes,  mouth  and  nose, 
as  the  ticks  suck  large  quantities  of  blood,  which  pro- 
<luces  an  anemic  condition.    The  sheep  become  poor,  weak 

and  unthrifty. 

Treatment:  Satisfactorily  treated  by  dipping  in- 
fected sheep  in  Coal  Tar  dips  or  Emulsions  of  Crude 
Petroleum.  Shearing  the  sheep  has  a  good  effect,  but 
care  must  be  exercised  as  the  ticks  then  rapidly  migrate 
t<t  the  lambs. 


ANNUAL   DEPOSIT   OR   INVESTMENT   TO 
ACCUMULATE   $1,000 

Amount  of  Money  that  must  be  Deposited  or  Invested 

annually   in   Advance,   at   Compound    Interest, .  to 

Amount  to  $1,000  in  a  given  Number  of  Years. 


Rate 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

% 

Years 

Years 

Year.s 

Years 

Years 

Years 

Ye.\rs 

3 

84.69 

52.20 

.36.13 

26.63 

20.41 

16.06 

12.88 

sy* 

83.51 

51.13 

3.-.  14 

25.70 

19.55 

15.26 

12.13 

3% 

82.36 

50.07 

34.17 

24.81 

18.72 

14.49 

11.43 

3% 

81.21 

49,04 

3.3  '^'^ 

23.93 

17.92 

13.70 

10.76 

4 

80.09 

4S.02 

32.29 

23.09 

17.14 

i:'..u6 

10.12 

4V4 

78.98 

47.02 

31.39 

22.27 

16.40 

12.38 

9.51 

4% 

77.88 

46.04 

30.50 

21.47 

1.5.69 

11.74 

8.94 

4% 

76.79 

45.08 

29.64 

20.70 

15.00 

11.13 

8.40 

5 

7.-,.72 

44.14 

28.8(1 

19.96 

14.34 

10.54 

7.88 

ryV* 

74.60 

43.21 

27.98 

19.23 

13.70 

9.90 

7.40 

5>^ 

73.02 

42.30 

27.18 

:      18.53 

13.09 

9.45 

6.94 

5% 

72.59 

41.41 

26.41 

17.85 

12.50 

8.95 

6.50 

6 

71.57 

4(1.53 

25.l>5 

17.20 

11.93 

S.47 

fi.io 

6'/4 

70.57 

3", 07 

24.91 

16.56 

11.39 

8.01 

5.71 

6>4 

69.58 

3S.83 

24.18 

•     15.95 

10.87 

7." 

5.35 

6«4 

68.61 

3S.00 

23.48 

15.35 

10.37 

7.16 

5.00 

1 

•i7.i)4 

37.  lit 

22. Ml 

14.7-i 

9.89 

ri.7t'i 

4.(18 

218 


•]|iii!iiiitni:t!iiirriiiiitiiiit'^rjiMi.itiiirimtHtiiit<tM) 


>itiii>ii)!!mi.nii:irM.'i!iiiiii!iii uiiiriinmiiiHMiniiiiiiiiniiimimtmmmiitiiiiiiiitiimtiiiiiiniiiimiyiiiimiiimtimiiitmiii<i|| 


DISEASES   OF 
POULTRY 


Causes,  Symptoms  and 
Treatments 


^iiiiiiitiii»Mii:i^;i:'ii.ii<::'U':'''K>ii»iiiiiiiiuiii>iiii:ii!>iiiN;i:ii:i:i\iiiiiinii:!i:u::ii!iiiiiilininiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiriiiiiiii!iiUiiinni iiinniin iiiiiiiiiiii:iiiniiiiiuiiunmiiiiiii; 


Wnnx  Plymouth  Bocks,  Eaycboft  Faem,  Adrian,  Mich. 


CHAPTKR  V 


AIR    SAC    MITE 

Cause:  Producpa  hy  u  parasite  callod  Cyloditos  Nu- 
iluH,  which  Itcarw  a  close  n'scinblance  to  the  parasite 
causing  malice  or  scahies  in  th<!  domesticated  animal. 
Owiii^'  to  the  peculiar  construction  of  their  breathing 
organs  fowls  are  nior  •  susceptible  to  parasites  than 
animals.  In  addition  to  affecting  the  lungs,  the  Air  Sac 
Iklite  may  extend  its  operations  to  the  intestines,  kidneys, 
liver  and  bones. 

Symitoms:  Unthriftiness  is  first  noticed,  but  after 
the  imrasites  become  numerous,  the  fowl  shows  signs  of 
difficult  breathing,  perhaps  t<'rminating  in  bronchial 
l)n<»umonia.  In  some  cases  death  occurs  without  appar- 
ent cause.  The  b..-.!  will  be  inactive,  becomes  separated 
from  the  rest  of  the  flock,  comb  pale,  head  drawn  close 
to  the  body,  wings  hang  pendulous,  lose  flesh,  breathing 
becomes  hard,  coughing,  sneezing  and  a  rattling  from 
the  mucus  in  the  windpipe  is  heard.  Death  is  produced 
from  suffocatio 

Treatment:  Separate  the  sick  from  the  healthy 
fowls.  Disinfect  coops  and  runways  of  both  sick  and 
h(>althy  birds  wii'.i  Crur  Carbolic  Acid,  undiluted.  Also 
fumigate  the  fowls  in  cheir  coops  with  steam  from  hot 
water  and  Pine  Tar.  This  may  be  done  by  placing  the 
Avater  and  Tar  in  a  pan  and  then  inserting  a  hot  stone 
or  brick  in  the  solution.  This  perhaps  is  the  simplest 
method  of  fumigation.  Also  mix  Sulphur  in  their  feed 
rejTularlv. 


221 


ooo 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


APOPLEXY 

(Hemorrhape  of  the  Brain) 

Duo  to  the  rupture  of  u  blood  vessel  of  the  hrain  uiul 
pressure  from  the  eseapinj?  blood. 

Cause:  Mechanical  injuries,  strainin,?  when  laying 
('j^'ffs  (hens  are  frequently  found  dead  on  the  nest  from 
this  cause),  overfeeding,  stimulatinjr  food,  etc.,  all  tend 
to  produce  apoplexy. 

Symptoms:  Appear  very  suddenly,  bird  is  s.'.'ii  to 
walk  unsteadily,  falls,  or  perhaps  is  found  dead. 

Treatment:  In  mild  attacks,  apply  cold  water  or  i<'«. 
to  fowl's  head  until  thoroughly  cooled.  Give  om'-half 
Krain  of  Calomel,  feed  soft  food,  compel  the  bird  to  exer- 
cise. Owing  to  the  loss  of  blood  a  tonic  will  be  necessary. 
Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  Pulv.  Saltpeter.  Capsicum  juid  F.-rri 
Sulphate  (Pulv.)  equj^:  parts  one  ounce.  Mix  and  place 
one  teaspoonful  in  f<  -  d  for  every  twenty-five  fowls. 
This  tonic  purifies  and  builds  up  the  blood,  just  what  is 
needed  in  this  particular  condition. 

BALDNESS 

(FnvHs) 

Cause:     Due  to  fun*;!. 

Symptoms:  The  first  noticeable  si^i  is  the  whitish 
appearance  of  the  comb  due  to  gray  spots  about  the  size 
of  a  pin  head.  As  the  disease  prooresses,  this  eondition 
spreads  to  other  parts  of  the  body:  the  feathers  look 
rough  and  dry  and  ]>reak  easily.  The  fowl  grows  weak<'r, 
refuses  to  eat  and  if  not  properly  treated,  dies. 

Treatment:  Remove  the  scabs  by  separatinc:  the 
feathers  and  using  a  brush.  Apply  Sulphur  Ointment. 
Repeat  this  treatment  after  two  or  three  days.  Great 
care  must  be  taken  to  prevent  the  fowl  from  chillinir  or 
taking  cold. 


DISEASES   OF   P(>rLTRY 


BEAK    AND    THROAT    OBSTRUCTION 

Cause  :  Lo<l^iu»nt  in  tlip  beak  or  food  canal  of  a  for- 
f'ign  suh.staiKM',  such  as  a  kernel  of  corn,  sunflower  seed, 
bone,  etc. 

SvMi'TOMs:  Fowl  jerks  its  bead  suddenly  and  fre- 
quently attempts  to  swallow.  If  a  close  examination  is 
made  tlie  foreign  body  can  be  felt  from  tbe  outsid«'. 

Treatment:  For  tbe  removal  of  sucb  obstructions, 
no  special  treatment  is  needed  furtber  tban  to  use  care 
•ind  avoid  any  injury  to  tbe  beak  or  tbroat.  Feed  nutri- 
tious food,  as  wbeat  bran  maslies  a.id  vejret.ibles  and  see 
tbat  tbey  bave  a  liberal  quantity  of  good  pure  water  at 

all  times.  

BLACKHEAD 
(Iiifect'ums  Entero  Ilcpalitis  of  Turkeys) 

Caise:  Due  to  a  protozoa  tak<'n  into  tbe  system  witb 
tbe  food  or  drinking?  water.  Tbis  parasite  enters  tbe 
caeca  wbich  becomes  inflame*!  and  discolored  and  tbe 
liver  is  enlarj^ed  and  studded  witb  yellowisb  spots  about 
tbe  size  of  a  pea. 

Symptoms:  Altbougb  tiiis  disease  is  termed  Black- 
bead,  tbe  discoloration  of  tbe  bead  is  not  necessarily 
present  in  all  cases;  iieitber  is  tbis  condition  confined  to 
tbis  particular  disease.  One  of  tbe  first  symptoms  is 
loss  of  appetite,  followed  in  most  cases  by  dlarrboea. 
Tbe  fowl  becomes  weak  and  loses  weijjbt  rapidly.  Ex- 
amination of  tbe  liver  after  deatb  will  determine  wbetber 
or  not  death  bas  been  caused  by  Infectious  Entero  Hepa- 
titis. The  dead  birds  should  be  burned  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  the  disease. 

Treatment  :  Prevention  is  one  of  tbe  most  important 
factors  as  this  disease  is  very  contagious  and  the  pro- 
tozoa once  implanted  in  the  turkey  runs  is  almost  im- 
possible to  eradicate.  Provide  clean,  well  ventilated 
coops  and  feed  clean,  wholesome  food  and  good  fresh 
water  to  drink. 


'1 


fa  'i 

\  3 


224  THE   VETERINARIAN 

Medicai.  Treatment:  Give  Bismuth  Salicylate  and 
Quinine  Sulphate  each  one  grain  two  to  three  times  a  day.  2 
Also  mix  Hyposulphite  of  Soda  in  the  proportion  of 
two  to  four  grains  to  every  fowl  in  their  drinking  water 
twice  daUy.  Disinfect  coops  and  runs  with  Crude  Car- 
"bolic  Acid,  undiluted. 

BODY    LICE 
Cause:    Insanitary    conditions.      Communicated    by 

direct  contact.  ,   ,. 

Symptoms:  Young  chicks  become  emaciated  and  die 
quickly.  Older  birds  withstand  the  parasite  much  longer, 
but  in  time  show  signs  of  uneasiness  by  dusting  them- 
selves frequently.  The  comb  and  wattles  become  pale 
and  bloodless,  the  feathers  rough,  dry  and  brittle.  Ihe 
birds  grow  weak,  poor,  and  eventually  die 

Treatment  :  Dust  the  birds  with  the  f ollowmg :  Sul- 
phur, one  part;  Napthaline,  one  part;  Tobacco  Dust, 
twenty-eight  parts  and  seventy  parts  of  middlings.  Pow- 
dlr  finely  and  mix  well  together  and  dust  the  birds  once 
daily.    Also  sprinkle  freely  in  the  dust  baths. 

BRONCHITIS 

Cause  :  Exposure  to  dampness,  cold  drafts  of  air  in- 
haling irritating  gases,  vapors  or  dust.  The  fowls  shou  d 
be  carefully  examined,  as  bronchitis  is  occasionally 
caused  bv  the  presence  of  gapeworms. 

Symptoms:    Los,  of  appetite,  the  bird  i-oves  abou 
slowly,  breathing  with  difficulty  and  ™*"S4»  f^^ 
whistling  sound  accompanied  by  a  cougli.   As  the  disease 
;"  s,  there  will  be  a  peculiar  bubbling  sound  from 

breathing  due  to  an  excessive  accumulation  of  mucus 
breaming  Que  ^^  ^^^  ^„^ 

f  r^m  ;:pW  lose  strength,  the  feathers  w^H  becomo 
rough,  lead  and  %ings  droop,  and  the  bird  dies. 


m^. 


DISEASES   OF   POXJLT«\ 


225 


Treatment:    This    disease    is    most    satisfactorily 
treated  by  placing  the  affected  birds  in  warm,  dry,  wd 
ventilated  quarters,  admitting  sunlight  if  Possible,  but 
excluding  all  drafts  of  air.    Feed  stale  bread,  middlings, 
etc.    Also  place  the  fowls  in  a  moderately  air  tight  coop 
and  compel  them  to  inhale  steam  from  hot  water  and 
Turpentine.    This  is  readily  done  by  placing  the  water 
and  Turpentine  in  a  pan  and  then  insert  a  hot  stone  or 
brick  in  the  solution.    Force  them  to  inhale  this  steam 
from  twenty  to  thirty  minutes  twice  a  day.    Also  add 
Chlorate  of  Potash  to  their  drinking  water,  one  teaspoon- 
ful  to  every  twenty-five  aged  fowls.    To  chicks  add  one- 
fourth  teaspoonful  to  every  twenty-five.    If  the  weather 
is  favorable  and  the  above  treatment  is  followed,  bron- 
chitis  yields  very  favorably. 

BUMBLE   FOOT 

(Corns— Deep  Bruises— Abscesses) 
Cause  :    Sharp-edged  or  narrow  perches  which  bruise 
the  feet  or  where  the  perches  are  high,  heavy  fowls  often 
injure  their  feet  by  alighting  on  stones  or  other  hard 

objects.  , ,        ,      ,  .^ 

Symptoms:  The  bird  limps  or  hobbles  about,  moving 
with  great  difficulty.  Examination  ^vill  show  the  foot  to 
be  hot  and  tender  to  the  touch.  , 

Treatment:  Wash  with  clean,  warm  water  and  in 
some  cases  it  is  advisable  to  apply  Hot  Flaxseed  poul- 
tices When  soft  spots  or  abscesses  develop,  lance  them 
with  a  clean,  sharp  knife.  After  abscesses  and  bruises 
are  opened,  treat  them  antiseptically  by  washing  with  a 
solution  of  Carbolic  Acid,  one  teaspoonful  to  a  pint  or 
water.   The  foot  should  be  bandaged  to  keep  cut  dust  and 

dirt. 

CATARRH 

Cause  :  Exposure ;  poorly  constructed  coops  which  ad- 
mit rain  or  drafts.  Weak  birds  are  very  susceptible  to 
Catarrh. 

15 


•2-2G 


THE    VETERINARIAN 


Symptoms:  The  bird  is  dull,  moves  about  slowly, 
coughiiif?  or  snoozing;  appetite  is  poor,  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  air  passage  becomes  inflamed  and  the  breath- 
ing difficult,  especially  through  t'.ic  nose.  The  discharg*' 
from  the  nu^trilis  at  first  watei-y,  becomes  mucus-like  and 


Prize  Winxim,  Bikk  OKi'is'iiTos"  Copk. 

tlii<'k  iiiid  sticky,  closing  tlii-  nose,  causing  tlie  bird  to 
Itreatli''  wholly  through  t!ie  mouth  witli  a  wheezing  sound. 
TitKAi MKN  T :  The  cause  of  Catarrh  shows  the  neces- 
sity of  clean  Jiiid  comfortable  (juarters  for  the  fowls. 
Keep  tiie  birds  strong  and  vigorous  by  feeding  clean, 
nourisliiiiL:'  food. 


yib 


DISEASES   OF   POULTRY 


227 


Medical  Treatment:    To    each    fowl    administer   in 
their  drinking  water  or  feed:    Chlorate  of  Potash,  one 

grain,  twir    daily.  • 

CHICKEN  POX 
(Sore  Head— Warts) 
Cause:  These  diseases  are  due  to  low  forms  of  para- 
sites or  fungi  and  occur  most  frequently  in  wet  weather 
especially  if  the  coops  are  leaky  and  allow  the  rain  to 
fall  on  the  droppings,  causing  mold  or  fungi.  Poor  ven- 
tilation and  lack  of  light  also  promotes  the  growth  ot 

^"sSiPTOvs :    The  disease  :        .-  Uy  confined  to  the  head 

and  affects  principally  youn>    '-^l^^"^^Pf  7"f/„"„^„*"'; 
kevs,  but  rarelv  ducks  and  gee.  e.    The  infection  appears 
in\he  form  of  yellowish  warts  or  nodules  about  the  nose, 
evelids,  comb,  wattles,  under  the  wings,  or  any  unfeath- 
ered  place.    The  warts  vary  in  size  from  that  of  a  pm 
head  to  the  size  of  a  pea  and  they  discharge  a  fluid  which 
at  first  is  thin  and  watery  but  as  the  disease  Vrogvo..es 
it  becomes  thick  and  sticky,  yellow  m  color  a^d  ictid  in 
smell.    At  this  stage  the  appetite  is  poor,  the  feathers 
appear  rough,  and  where  the  eyelids  are  affected,  as  m 
Zt  cases,  th;  bird  cannot  see,  fails  to  eat,  l-o"--™- 
oiated,  loses  weight  and  strength  rapidly  and  if  not  p  op- 

orly  treated,  dies. 

Treatment:    This  disease  is  very  contagious   thoie- 
fore  the  coops  and  runs  should  be  disinfected  with  Crv.de 
Carbolic  Acid,  undiluted.     In  the  drmkmg  water  add 
Hvposulphite  of  Soda  in  the  p.-portion  of  one  toUo 
gra  ns  to  each  fowl  (one-half  gram  *«  ^^^'^^^^V.  W 
?he  nodules  or  warts  about  the  head  with  Carbolic  Ac  d 
solution,  one  teaspoonful  to  a  quart  of  water.    Feed 
easily  digested  food,  such  as  vegetables  or  warm  bran 
mashes. 


228 


THE    VETERINARIAN 


,1  • 


CONGESTION   OF  THE  LIVER 

Cause:  Lack  of  exercise,  overfeeding,  tainted  or 
moldy  food,  infection,  or  impure  blood. 

Symptoms:  Birds  suffering  from  this  disease  seldom 
show  signs  of  sickness  and  it  is  well  to  dissect  the  fowl 
after  death  to  ascertain  the  exact  cause.  If  death  is 
caused  by  Congestion  of  the  Liver,  the  organ  will  be 
greatly  enlarged  and  easily  torn. 

Tbeatmext  :  If  the  fowls  arc  fat  and  sluggish,  com- 
pel them  to  exercise  by  driving  them  about.  Also  give 
fifteen  to  twenty  grains  of  Epsom  Salts  to  each  affected 
fowl.  Feed  laxative  foods  that  are  easily  digested,  as 
vegetables  and  wheat  bran  mashes.  They  are  cooling 
and  relieve  congestion. 


CONGESTION  OF  THE  LUNGS 

(Pulmonary  Congestion) 

Cause:  Exposure;  the  bird  chills,  causing  contrac- 
tion of  the  blood  vessels  near  the  surface  of  the  body, 
thereby  forcing  a  large  quantity  of  blood  to  the  internal 
organs ;  the  small  blood  vessels  in  the  lungs  become  dis- 
tended with  blood  and  rupture. 

Symptoms  :  Rapid  and  difficult  breathing ;  the  bird  ap- 
pears stupid  and  sleepy  and  does  not  care  to  move  about ; 
appetite  poor,  wings  drooping,  plumage  ruffled,  a  thick 
umcus,  colored  with  blood,  escapes  from  the  mouth,  comb 
and  wattles  show  a  dark-red  color  from  lack  of  oxygen 
in  the  blood.  This  disease  is  of  very  short  duration,  the 
bird  dying  within  a  few  hours.  It  is  very  common  among 
young  chicks  and  turkeys  that  are  permitted  to  run  out 
in  the  early  spring  rains. 

Treatment:  Medical  treatment  is  of  no  value,  as  the 
disease  progresses  so  rapidly  that  the  bird  dies  shortly 
after  the  first  sjinptoms  appear.  Sanitary  surroundings, 
good  light,  pure  air  and  exercise  are  essential.  Do  not 
allow  til*'  birds  to  stand  out  in  the  cold  or  rains,  espe- 


DISEASES   OF   POULTRY 


229 


cially  during  the  molting  season.  Keep  your  poultry 
sSong  and  vigorous  by  feeding  clean,  nourishing  food 
and  give  them  pure  water  to  drmk. 

CONSTIPATION 

(Intestinal  Obstruction) 

Cause:  Irritation  of  the  membranes  ^f^^^^^^l^Xe 
tines,  caused  by  dry  feed,  glass  or  gravel;  may  also  be 
due  o  parasitic  worms.  Obstruction  may  occur  in  any 
part  of  the  intestines  although  the  external  openmg  is 
the  oart  most  frequently  afEected. 

SvmJtoms:    Bird  appear.  Ml  and  stupjd,  ^^tts  wUh 

difficulty  and  attempts  frequently  t'/^P^V^'ther  Touch 
material     The  appetite  is  poor  and  the  feathers  rough. 
Bv  examination  and  manipulation  the  obstruction  may 
hll^Zd     Dried  masses  of  excrement  by  adherrag  to 
fteChers  sometimes  block  the  outer  opemng  of  the 

'"tS^^kt:  Eemove  the  waste  matter  dining  to 
the  feathers  with  warm  water  or  by  «lW™?  ""^ 'f^'^f.^ 
oft  If  the  Cloaca  is  obstructed,  give  injections  of  Sweet 
Oil  or  Oli^e  Oil  with  a  small  bulb  syringe.  Also  give  one 
to  twoTa™  of  Calomel  and  feed  dean  ' ood  «nd  soft 
m.*shes  containing  Pnlv.  Gentian  Boot,  «»  g-n  'o  -^ 
fowl  twice  daily.  This  stimnlates  the  ''».™-'*^  "'°^' 
ment  of  the  bowels  and  assists  in  expdl.ng  their  con- 

tents.  "■  _„ 

CROP  IMPACTION 

(Obstruction,  Paralysis.  Inflammation,  Catarrh) 
CAtTSE-    Errors  in  feeding;  birds  that  are  not  fed 
re«  are  predisposed  to  any  of  the  above  conditions ; 
ma^  also  be  du^  to  swallowing  large  pieces  of  bone, 
thread,  nails,  pins,  glass,  gravely  etc  ..^^^ts  to 

Symwoms:  Loss  of  appetite,  frequent  attempts  to 
sw^crop  greatly  distended  and  ^^^^^^^^^^ 
eventually  the  food  decomposes  and  a  liquid  may  escape 


L»3U 


THE  vi;tekinarian 


t  .f! 


from  tlio  mouth  and  iioso.  The  bird  appears  dull, 
stupid  and  sleepy,  comb  pale,  feathers  rough,  beak  open, 
owing  to  pressure  on  tiie  Avindpipe.  If  caused  by  swal- 
lowing sharp  objects,  they  may  penetrate  the  crop  and 
skin,  causing  a  gangi'enous  condition.  Grain  in  the  crop 
will  srMiietimes  send  out  sprouts  of  considerable  lengths. 


■h^U>--T^ 


Puzi  WuntiNO  Pltkouth  Bock  Cock. 


Treatment  :  If  no  sharp  objects  are  present,  give  two 
teaspoonfuls  of  Sweet  or  Olive  Oil.  This  will  lubricate 
the  esophagus  and  crop.  Manipulate  the  crop  upward, 
forcing  the  food  gently  through  the  mouth,  adding  oil 
occasionally.  If,  however,  sharp  objects  penetrate  the 
crop  it  is  best  to  remove  them  through  an  artificial  open- 


DISEASES   OF   POULTRY 


231 


i„.r  Clip  the  feathers  from  aroaiul  the  intended  seat  of 
operation  and  wash  the  clipped  surface  ..th  a  Carbo h. 
Solution,  one  teaspoonful  to  a  pint  o  water  The  inci- 
sion shoild  not  he  over  one-half  inch  long  and  ahon  d  be 
made  as  high  as  possible  and  in  the  center  of  the  crop^ 
After  removing  the  contents,  sew  up  with  ordinary  thread 
and  needle  and  wash  occasionally  with  the  a  --  an  .- 
septic  solution.  The  operation  is  not  difficult  and  ^Mll 
be  successful  if  the  parts  are  not  too  badly  ;"««";'»', 

•Vfter-treatment  consists  of  feeding  very  little  food  un- 
tifthe  crop  is  fairlv  well  healed.  Feed  soft  bran  mashes 
and  vegetables.  To  the  drinking  water  add  Boracic 
Acid,  one  grain,  twice  daily.  It  relieves  the  ca  arrhal 
condition  that  is  present,  such  as  irritations  of  the  crop 

and  intestines.  

DIARRHOEA 
(Gastro-Intestinal  Catarrh— Enteritis) 
Cause:  Inflammation  of  the  digestive  organs  can  be 
traced  in  every  instance  to  the  quality  or  quantity  of  food 
and  water  consumed.  The  food  or  water  may  contain 
parasites,  or  large  quantities  of  mustard,  pepper,  or  may 
lie  nioldv  or  tainted. 

Symptoms:  Loss  of  appetite,  the  ^eath^-.  ^P^^J 
rough,  the  crop  is  sometimes  paralyzed  and  distended 
with  ias,  the  bird  moves  slowly,  the  droppings  vary  m 
oolor  from  a  white  to  a  yellow  or  a  green  and  finally  be- 
comes tinged  with  blood;  at  this  stage  there  is  a  rise  in 
temperature  accompanied  by  great  thirst  and  signs  of 
pain  Mild  cases  of  simple  diarrhoea  if  not  properl> 
treated  when  first  symptoms  appear,  will  develop  the 
same  severe  conditions  described  above. 

Treatment:  Determine  the  cause  and  remove  it  it 
possible.  See  that  the  food  is  clean  and  nutritious  the 
coops  well  ventilated,  the  runs  well  lighted.  Sunlight 
is  verv  beneficial.  Avoid  exposure,  drafts  and  dampness. 
Place'  oatmeal  in  their  drinking  water,  also   2ive  two 


ft" 


232  THE  VETERINARIAN 

grains  of  Bismuth  mixed  with  dough  and  make  into  a 
small  pill.    Give  one  every  six  hours. 

When  in  addition  to  the  above  symptoms  a  bloody  dis- 
charge is  present,  give  six  drops  of  Tincture  of  Catechu 
every  four  hours.  Warm  mashes  made  of  bran  or  oat- 
meal are  very  nourishing  and  soothing  to  the  intestinal 
canal.  

DIPHTHERITIC  ROUP 

(Diphtheria) 

Cause  :  Due  to  a  specific  germ.  The  disease  is  very 
contagious  and  is  communicated  by  direct  contact.  Great 
care  should  be  exercised,  therefore,  ^vhen  showing  or 
buying  birds.  Any  new  birds  to  be  added  to  the  flock 
should  be  kept  in  separate  pens  for  a  week  or  two  to 
make  sure  they  are  in  good  condition. 

Symptoms:  The  first  s\Tnptoms  are  similar  to  those 
of  catarrh  or  cold.  A  clear,  watery  liquid  escapes  from 
the  eyes  and  nostrils,  the  head  is  drawn  in  toward  the 
body,  the  feathers  appear  rougn,  the  breathing  fast,  the 
temperature  rises  from  three  to  five  degrees  above  nor- 
mal. The  bird  walks  about  as  if  blind,  sneezing,  swal- 
lowing with  difficulty,  and  showing  signs  of  great  weak- 
ness. If  the  mouth  is  opened  small  white  spots  or  ele- 
vations will  be  seen  on  the  back  of  the  tongue.  There 
mav  be  diarrhoea  of  a  green  or  yellow  color.  As  the  dis- 
ease progresses  the  discharge  from  the  nose  and  eyes 
becomes  thick  and  stringy,  obstructing  the  air  passages 
and  gathering  in  large  quantities  between  the  eyelids. 
The  mouth,  throat  and  tongue  are  very  much  inflamed 
and  swollen  and  in  most  cases  it  is  impossible  for  the 
bird  to  make  a  sound.  Recovery  is  doubtful  after  the 
disease  has  reached  this  stage. 

Treatment  :  Isolate  the  affected  birds  in  some  clean, 
warm,  light,  well  ventilated  quarters,  excluding  drafts. 
Dissolve  thirty  grains  of  Chlorate  of  Potash  in  one  ounce 
of  water  and  one  ounce  of  Glycerine,  and  to  the  average 


DISEASES   OF   POULTRY 


233 


sized  fowl  give  one  teaspoonf ul  three  or  four  times  a  day. 
To  chiclr^ive  one-fourth  the  dose.  When  the  scum 
loosens  in  the  back  part  of  the  tongue,  remove  the  scum 
gently  Care  should  be  taken  so  as  to  prevent  bleeding. 
Feed  soft,  nourishing  food. 

DOUBLE-YOLK  EGGS 

Eggs  are  frequently  found  with  two  yolks  This  con- 
dition is  produced  by  two  ovary  efP«"^««/""*i"^J* 
about  the  same  time  and  gaining  ««*;««««  ^^fff^^ 
the  oviduct  where  they  are  concealed  in  the  «J^«  ^^f^; 
Doublo-yolked  eggs  are  larger  tl^«^^™-^^^7^^^7^,j^^^ 
jure  the  oviduct  when  expelled.  When  hatched,  they 
produce  twins  or  abnormal  chicks. 

DROPSY 

(Ascites) 
CXrsE:    Generally  due  to  irritating,  indigestible  food 
causing  inflammation  of  the  membranous  hmng  of  the 

't:~:'' The  abdomen  becomes  enlarged,  is  tender 
to  thftouch  and  contai  .  a  watery  fluid,  the  -v-en 

of  which  can  be  heard  in  most  cases  ^^'^'^''J'J^^^ 
swollen  parts.  The  bird  appears  stupid,  the  comb  pale 
and  the  appetite  poor. 

Treatment:    Unless  the  bird  is  very  vuiua      , 

nient  is  not  advisable.    In  case  the  bird  is  J-'-^^'^^^f^ 
one  grain  of  Potassium  Iodide  twice  daily  in  the  feedj^ 
drinking  water.     Also  feed  nourishmg  food  as  beef 
scraps,  vegetables,  wheat  bran  mashes,  etc. 

EGG  BOUND 

(Difficxdt  Laying;  Obstruction  of  the  Oviduct) 
Cause  :    Due  to  the  eggs  being  too  large,  the  bird  too 
fat,  or  to  the  absence  of  the  secretions  lubricating  the 
oviduct. 


234  THE   VETERINARIAN 

Symptoms  :  Tho  first  signs  are  scarcely  iioticoabli'  Imt 
soon  the  feathers  appear  rough,  the  bird  heconifs  dull 
and  moves  slowly,  making  frequent  efforts  to  oxpel  the 

egg. 

Treatment:  Remove  the  egg  by  injecting  Sweet  Oil, 
assisting  the  bird  with  gentle  pressure.    In  some  eases 


PsiZE  WixxiXG  'WiiiTE  Leghorn-  Hen. 


it  is  well  to  puncture  the  egg  and  collapse  the  sliell.  If 
the  bird  is  very  fat,  reduce  by  careful  feeding.  If  the 
bird  is  of  normal  size,  the  trouble  is  probably  du(j  to  the 
absence  of  lubricating  secretions  of  the  oviduct,  in  which 
case  the  following  tonic  should  b"  given:  Pulv.  Ferri 
Sulphate,  Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  eac  h  one  dram.    Mix  and 


H^ 


ik. 


DISEASES   OF    POULTHV  235 

muk..  into  thirty  powdors.    (Jive  oiu-  pow.ler  two  or  three 
tiiiu's  a  .lay  in  their  fw il  for  a  week  or  ti-u  days. 

EGG  EATING 

Cause-  Is  usuallv  due  to  lack  of  sholl-building  mat.- 
rial  in  the  food;  in  such  case  the  shell  of  the  egg  is  thin 
and  easily  broken  and  the  fowl  craving  the  lime  contained 
in  the  egg  shell,  naturally  contracts  the  habit. 

Treatment:  Supply  groun.l  bom'  and  oyster  shel  s. 
Feed  green  food  such  as  cabbage,  kaU',  potatoes,  carrots, 

etc  

EGGS   WITHOUT   SHELLS 

(Soft-Shelled  Eggs) 

Cavse:  Deficiency  of  shell  material;  or  it  is  possible 
that  fright  sometimes  causes  pr.'mature  expulsion  of  the 
effKs  before  the  shell  is  formed. 

Treatment:  Feed  ground  bone,  oyster  shells  They 
contain  egg  shell  producing  n.aterial.  Perhaps  the  best 
results  are  obtained  when  mixed  with  wheat  bran.  Also 
feed  vegetables  such  as  cabbage,  potatoes  and  carrots. 

FEATHER  PULLING 
(Feather  Eating) 
Cause:    Irritation  of  the  skin  due  t(  lice,  mites  or  to 
lack  of  exercise  and  improper  food. 

Treatment  :  Feed  meat,  ground  bones  and  vegetables. 
Place  the  food  where  the  fowls  are  compelled  to  scratch 
and  work  to  obtain  it.     Dust  the  fowls  with  Powdered 

If  due  to  lice,  treat  the  same  as  recommended  under 

the  heading  of  Lice. 

GAPES 

(Verminous  Trarheo  Bronchitis) 

Cau'.e-    a  red,  parasitic  worm,  the  male  measuring 

about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  and  the  female  one-half  an 

inch  in  length.    Fowls  become  infected  by  eating  worms 


I 


236  THE   VETERINARIAN 

containing  this  parasite  or  its  eggs,  and  by  coming  in 
contact  with  other  birds  suffering  from  the  disease. 

Symptoms  :  The  most  noticeable  symptom  is  frequent 
Kaping;  the  Gapeworms  attach  themselves  by  their 
mouths  to  the  walls  of  the  windpipe  where  they  suck  the 
blood  which  nourishes  them;  they  cause  irritation  and 
inflammation  of  the  windpipe,  bronchial  tubes  and  lungs; 
breathing  is  difficult  and  the  bird  loses  strength  rapidly; 
windpipe  eventually  becomes  totally  obstructed  and  the 
bird  dies  from  suffocation  and  exhaustion.  Young,  weaK 
chickens  are  more  susceptible  to  this  disease  than  strong 

^"treatment  :    Separate  the  sick  birds  from  the  healthy 
ones.    Clean  and  disinfect  the  coops  and  runo.    Burn  all 
manure.    Remove- the  worms  from  the  wmdpipe  by  the 
use  of  a  feather,  from  which  the  fan  has  been  stripped, 
leaving  only  a  small  brush  at  the  end.    Dip  the  feather 
into  Oil  of  Turpentine  or  Coal  Oil,  removing  the  surplus 
liquid  bv  drawing  the  feather  between  the  fingers.    Now 
insert  the  feather  into  the  windpipe  of  the  bird  and  by 
turning  gently  you  will  dislodge  the  worms  from  their 
attachments.    Repeat  this  treatment  once  a  day  for  txvo 
or  three  days.    Disinfect  coops  and  runs  with  undiluted 
Crude  Carbolic  Acid.     Feed  good  nutritious  food  as 
wheat  bran  mashes,  etc. 


HEAD   LICE 

Cause:  Result  of  insanitary  conditions  and  lack  of 
care.  Communicated  by  direct  contact  with  infected 
birds,  or  by  infected  coops  or  brooders. 

Symptoms:  The  head  soon  becomes  denuded  of  leath- 
ers and  also  sore  by  being  constantly  scratched  with 
the  feet.    If  not  properly  treated  the  chicks  weaken  and 

Treatment:  An  ointment  made  of  one  part  Sulphur 
and  four  parts  Lard  well  mixed  and  applied  two  to  three 


DISEASES   OF    POULTRY 


237 


tin.e8  will  oxtorminato  the  lice.    If  the  fowl  is  run  down 
In  couaition.  feed  good  nutritious  food  as  wheat  bran 

mashes.  

HOW  TO  FEED  YO^' MG  POULTRY 
Withhold  all  food  for  at  least  eighteen  hours;  then 
fc-edaTe  bread  moistened  with  boiled  milk  every  three 
hours     When  they  ar.  three  or  four  days  old,  feed  rolled 
oats    ground  corn  moistened  with  pure  water,  hn  Ij- 
^h  pp  d"  eat  and  boiled  vegetables     Feed  the,.  oHe^^^ 
and  vou  will  be  well  repaid  by  their  rapid   gro^^th 
Strength,  and  the  low  death  rate.    After  they  reach  the 
age  of  one  week  or  ten  days,  watc-h  them  closely  and 
regulate  their  feed  to  their  apparent  needs. 

INCOMPLETE  EGG 

(Abortion) 

Cause:  Irritation  of  the  oviduct;  improper  secretion 
of  albumen  or  internal  egg-producing  material 

Tbbatment:  Caroful  feeding  will  overcome  this  con- 
dition  Warm  wheat  bran  mashes,  ground  bone,  beef 
scraps,  all  tend  to  allay  the  irritations  of  the  oviduct  and 
stimulate  the  secretions  of  albumen. 

JAUNDICE 

Cause:    Obstruction  of  the  bile  duct,  due  to  rich,  ni- 
trogenous food  and  insufficient  exercise 

Symptoms:  Disease  is  not  easily  detected.  The  yel- 
low color  of  the  wattles  and  comb  is  the  first  snnptom ; 
the  appotite  is  variable,  the  feathers  appear  rough  and 
drv,  the  head  is  retracted,  and  the  bird  finally  dies  owing 
to'tiie  absorption  of  bile  in  the  blood. 

TreatmeJx:  Change  food.  Feed  upon  a  vege  able 
diet  also  give  one  grain  of  Calomel,  which  is  particulaiH 
tofulin  a  case  of  sluggish  liver  in  poultry.  Also  give 
one  grain  of  Pulv-  Txentian  Root  and  ono  gram  of  Bi- 
carbonate of  Soda,  twice  daily  m  teed. 


238 


THE  VETERINARIAN 


MANGE 

(Scabies  of  the  Body) 
Cause:  T>ne  to  a  parasite  that  resembles  the  mite. 
Symptoms:  When  tlie  affected  bird  is  closely  exam- 
ined large  quantities  of  scales  or  scabs  are  found  m  the 
soft  feathers.  The  appetite  is  poor ;  the  bird  waHcs  slowly 
about  showing  signs  of  uneasiness.  If  the  disease  is  al- 
lowed to  run  its  course,  the  bird  grows  weak  and  even- 
tuallv  dies.  The  disease  is  easily  transmitted  from  one 
bird  to  another  and  should  be  treated  without  delay. 

Treatment  :  Disinfect  roost,  coops  and  pens  with  un- 
diluted Crude  Carbolic  Acid.  Apply  to  the  irritations 
that  present  themselves  on  the  body  of  the  birds:  Sul- 
phur Ointment  twice  a  week  and  feed  good  nourisnmg 
food  as  wheat  bran  mashes  and  vegetables. 

PIP 

(Inflammation  of  the  Mouth) 
Cause:    Irritations,  injuries,  or  micro-organisms.    It 

is  sometimes  caused  by  nothing  ™«^^f  ^«"  ^/'J^Xni^ 
tion  of  the  mucous  membrane  due  to  the  bird  breathing 
through  the  mouth  when  suffering  from  respiratory  dis- 

""^Symptoms:  Dryness  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
n,outh;  especially  the  part  covering  the  tongue  which 
becomes  hard  and  ragged,  forming  rough  edges  along  ts 
sides  These  dried  portions  become  loose  and  partiali> 
detached  from  the  tongue,  interfering  with  its  move- 
ments and  causing  more  or  less  pain  and  annoyance. 

Treatment  :  Do  not  forcibly  detach  these  pieces,  bu 
assist  nature  to  remove  them.  This  can  be  ^^<^^^V^^'^ 
bv  mixing  Glycerine  and  Water,  equal  parts,  and  d^iop" 
ping  into  the  mouth  with  an  ordinary  syringe  or  dropper^ 
It  is  advisable  to  add  Boracic  Acid,  one  teaspoonful  to 
etery  gailon  of  drinking  water,  which  will  pr.vont  the 
entrance  of  parasites  into  the  blood. 


DISEASES   OF   POULTRY 


239 


RED  MITE 

Cause:  These  grow  spontaneously  in  favorable  sur- 
roundings, as  the  interior  of  poultry  houses  and  brooders 
containintr  numerous  cracks  and  crevices.       .     .    ^      ^, 

Sr'oMs:  This  mite  is  a  blood-sucker;  irntates  the 
«kin  and  sometimes  causes  sores  to  form  on  the  body  of 
the  chick.  The  birds  grow  stupid  and  weak  ami  die  rap^ 
idlv  if  not  properlv  treated.  Older  fowls  withstand  the 
ita  ion  of  mftes  much  longer,  but  do  not  thrive,  or  ay 
regularlv,  and  will  finally  die  if  the  insects  become  too 
nunu'ous.     The  insect  may  be  transmitted  to  horses, 

cattle,  and  even  to  man.  ;„+prmr 

Treatment:    Paint  the  roosts  and  ^pray  the  interior 
of  the  coops  and  runs  with  Crude  Carbolic  Acid,  undi- 
luted, being  very  careful  that  the  solution  reaches  ^^^ 
bottoms  of  the  cracks  and  crevices.    Also  paint  the  in 
terior  of  brooders  with  the  same  solution. 


RHEUMATISM 

(Leo  Weakness— Gout— Paralysis) 
Cavse  :     Damp  coops  and  pens,  lack  of  ventilation  and 

improper  food.  , 

Symptoms:  Fowl  refuses  to  stand  or  walk,  and  on 
oxamination,  the  legs  are  found  to  be  swollen  and  pain- 
ful, especiallv  about  the  joints.-  In  some  cases  suppura- 
tioii  of  the  joints  takes  place  and  they  become  open  run- 
ning sores.    The  bone  finally  becomes  diseased  and  the 

^""treItment  :  Preventive  measures  are  first  to  be  con- 
sidered. See  that  the  coops  and  pens  are  clean  and  dry. 
Avoid  drafts.  Feed  vegetables,  also  wheat  bran  mashes. 
Give  internally  Salicylic  Acid,  one-half  gram  twice  daily 
When  the  legs  are  swollen  and  sore  apply  Camphorated 
Ointment  once  or  twice  daily. 


240  THE  VETERINARIAN 

SCALY   LEG 

(Scabies) 
Cause  :    Due  to  a  mite  that  burrows  under  the  scales 

of  the  leg. 

Symptoms  :    White,  scaly-looking  scabs  form  about  the 
upper  part  of  the  foot.    The  feet  and  legs  become  swol- 


Pbize  Winning  Columbian  Wyandotte  Cock. 

len  and  painful  as  the  disease  progresses  and  if  not 
checked  will  result  in  lameness,  inflammation  of  the 
joints,  and  the  toes  may  slough  off.  Great  care  is  nec- 
essary as  the  disease  is  very  easily  transmitted  from 
one  bird  to  another. 

Treatment:    Use  boiling  water  or   Crude  Carbolic 


DISEASES   OF  POULTRY 


241 


1 


Aeid,  unanutea  on  the  P^jf -/-^'triuT tpX 

other  day  for  a  week. 

SORE  MOUTH 
(Aphtha;  Thrush) 
,      C..SB:    A  vegetaUe  parasite  ca^^^^^^^^^ 

Symptoms:  I^^f  °^f  °^ ^i^/  ^^a  Top  which  finally 
lining  the  mouth  throat,  g^^^/^^t^^.^ptoms  are 
terminates  in  white  ^l^^^^^^^^^^^;.^^^^^^^  ^'^^id  loss  in 
swelling  of  the  head,  poor  appetite  ana  a  r  j 

weight  and  strength  ^^^^^^     fo^la. 

Tbbatment  :    Isolate  the  s^cK  ijom  ^^.      ^ ^od. 

Give  as  much  sunlight  as  P^««^^}^' f  f^tXesetc     Add 
such  as  warm  oatmeal^maf  ^^^^  ^, 

one  gram  •  ■  -^h  of  Chlorate  ot  ^^  ^^^^  ^.^^^ 

*7*^'^:    ier^SL^wmSfit.   A  good  disinfectant 
*  ^"^1  to  pr^ent  the  disease  from  spreading  ^nd 

TwtvJd  recomme'nd'tL  use  of  undiluted  Crude  CarboUc 
Acid  about  the  coops  and  poultry  runs. 
TUBERCULOSIS 

I^mI^o;: rUS'to  *«  deve.op.e„t  of  the 
•^'r'*'    „=.    Except  in  advanced  stages,  this  disease 

r:?r— ^eS.r,u^:rrss.i.  diagnose 

a  case.  ^.onanrea  should  be  prac- 

Tbeatment:    Preventive  n^^^f^^'^  '^°';  ge  the 

..J         +1,0  «lUpase  is  incurable.     Do  nox  exi^ua'= 
ticed  as  the  disease  is  m  ^^^  ^^^l 

Sirrndts'^.^^--.^^^^^^^  ^ooa. 

16 


242 


THE   VHTKHIXAKIAN 


VENT   GLEET 

Cause:  Constipation  is  perhaps  the  most  common 
cause,  the  hard  droppings  causing  irritation  of  the  vent 
which  is  followed  by  inflammation  and  suppuration  of 
the  lining  membranes,  rectum  and  oviduct. 

Symptoms  :  Frequent  straining  due  to  irritation.  As 
the  disease  proj^resses  a  pus-like  discharge  is  noticed. 
Tl»e  disease  may  extend  into  tlie  rectum  or  oviduct.  The 
bird  appears  stupid,  tlie  plumage  rough,  the  comb  pale, 
and  if  not  properly  treated,  dies  a  lingering  death. 

Treatment:  Preventive  treatment  is  th«  best.  Feed 
green  food  occasionally  and  warm  bran  mashes.  This 
prevents  constipation.  When  the  bird  strains  frequently 
and  a  discharge  is  present  the  following  solution  should 
1)e  injected :  Sugar  of  Lead,  two  drams ;  Zinc  Sulphate, 
one  dram.  Mix  with  two  quarts  of  water.  Inject  about 
one  ounce  with  a  syringe  twice  daily  until  the  discharge 
has  ceased.  

WHITE    DIARRHOEA 
(Fowl  Cholera) 

Cause:  Germ  (Bacilli  of  Fowl  Cholera)  gaining  en- 
trance to  the  body  through  the  bowels,  lungs  or  wounds 
of  the  skin.  Death  results  from  toxic  material  pro- 
duced while  the  germs  are  multiplying. 

Symptoms:  All  poultry,  cage  or  wild  birds  are  sub- 
ject to  this  disease.  The  first  s\nnptoms  are  loss  of  ap- 
petite ;  diarrhoea  is  present  and  the  discharge  is  almost 
white  in  color  and  tinged  with  transparent  mucus.  The 
affected  bird  becomes  separated  from  the  flock,  seems 
weak  and  stupid  and  appears  to  be  asleep ;  feathers  are 
rough,  the  wingp  droop  and  the  bead  is  drawn  in  toward 
the  body;  crop  is  generally  fidl,  owing  to  improper  ci 
gestioii.  The  comb  is  pal'>  and  bloodless,  the  tempera- 
ture raised  from  three  to  five  degrees  above  normal  and 
the  bird  loses  weight  rapidly;  it  may  die  with  convul- 
sions and  cries,  or  without  a  sound  or  struggle. 


....im 


DISEASES   OF   POULTRY 


243 


H 


Treatment:    To  grown  fowls,  give  Zinc  Sulphocar- 
bolates  in  one-half  grain  doses  three  times  a  day  in  their 
food  or  drinking  water.   To  chicks,  dissolve  thirty  grains 
of  Zinc  Sulphocavl  olates  in  two  quarts  of  water.    Satu- 
rate feed,  as  stale  bread,  etc.,  and  give  three  times  a  day. 
Zinc  Sulphocarbolates  is  an  antiseptic  especially  pre- 
pared for  septic  conditions  of  the  intestines,  and  very 
useful  in  treatment  of  White  Diarrhoea  and  Fowl  Chol- 
era    In  severe  cases  of  diarrhoea,  give  Bismuth  Salicy- 
late, one  grain,  three  times  daily  in  feed  or  make  into  a 
pill  with  dough.    When  the  fowls  will  eat,  feed  them 
clean,  nitrogenous  food  that  they  can  digest  easily,  as 
oatmeal  mashes.    It  is  also  necessary  to  give  them  pure 
water  to  drink  at  all  times.    Disinfection  of  the  premises 
is  another  essential  factor  in  the  treatment  of  this  dis- 
ease, and  undiluted  Crude  Carbolic  /  cid  is  a  disinfectant 
that  we  can  rely  upon  at  all  times. 

I  cannot  recommend  vaccination  as  the  serum  is  very 
difficult  and  expensive  to  produce  and  different  breeds 
of  birds  require  varying  doses,  therefore,  vaccinating 
poultry  for  White  Diarrhoea  or  Fowl  Cholera  is  not  at- 
tended with  any  great  degree  of  success. 


WORMS 

Cause  :  Few  fowls  are  entirely  free  from  worms.  The 
soil  over  which  the  chicks  are  permitted  to  run  may  be 
infected,  or  the  food  may  contain  the  eggs  or  embryos 

of  worms.  .     -     ,  * 

Symptoms:  The  presence  of  worms  m  fowls  may  not 
be  at  once  detected,  since  only  a  close  obs.  rver  would 
notice  them  in  the  droppings.  If  the  birds  eat  well  but 
remain  poor,  and  the  feathers  appear  rough  and  the 
comb  and  wattles  pale,  tliere  is  reason  to  suspect  the 
existence  of  worms.  , 

Treatment  :  Preventive  treatment  is  the  oest.  Sprm- 
kle  the  runs  and  coops  regularly  with  Crude  Carbolio 


244  THE   VETERINARIAN 

Acid,  undiluted.  Give  two  drops  of  Turpentine  in  twice 
this  Quantity  of  Sweet  or  Olive  Oil.  This  dose  should  be 
repeated  in  from  six  to  eight  days  so  as  to  insure  the 
expulsion  of  the  newly  hatched  worms  or  those  that  may 
have  survived  the  first  treatment. 


r     t. 


{« 


i„i„m 1 imi 1.1  immimiuiHim iminm"' 


imiiiiliiimmiiinimi"iu"i"'i'"""""'"""""""' 


„inmiiiiimiiMi»» wm «»»»< m«| 


MISCELLANEOUS 


i;||llll|lllllllUlUI»ll»lll"""l"l»'""""""""" 


„„i,mmimiinii«ii i,mimi»m..iinimimi»iumiiiimiimi»"». 


immiimiimi'ii""""""!""'"""' 


;,„„„„i,mm.miiimn,:n:ii«iH.imn'mm„i,ni,n»!iii. ,mi«..mi,nmmu 


Some  valuable  facts  and 

figures  summed  up  for 

hand^  reference 


Imiiiiiimiiiimimmiiimn tumini'  iimi'mimm «• 


,„i„,iiiiiimniiiiimiiiimiiminimiiMiimiii»iimniinniiw 


iniimmmtimmuiiiimiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiii™""""!'''"''  ""!■'? 


VALUABLE  DRUGS   AND  THEIR  DOSES   FOR 
DOMESTIC   ANIMALS 

In  the  list  of  doses,  oz.  stands  for  ounce,  pt.  for  pint, 
lb.  for  pound,  gr.  for  grain,  dr.  for  dram,  dp.  for  drop. 


Name  of  Dbvo 


Cattle 


Alcohol    '     *  ct. 

Alum    3-4  ilr. 

Ammonia  Aromatic 

Aniaeed  

Arnica  Tincture 

Asafetida  Tincture 

Boracic  Acid 

Brandy    

Calcium  Phosphate 

Calomel  .... 

Camphor   Spirit 

Carbolic   Acid 

Castor   Oil 

Chalk   

Charcoal    

Codliver  Oil 

Copperas  

Copper  Sulphate 

Diptalis   

Epsom   Salts 

Fowler  'a   Solution 

Oentian 

Ginjjer   

Glauber  Salts 

Iodide  of  Potash 

Iron   Sulphate 

Jamaica  Ginger 

Laudanum    

Lead    Acetate 

Lime  Water 

Linseed   Oil 

Mustard    

Nitre 

Nux   Vomica 

Olive  Oil 

Pepper  

Peppermint  Oil 

Potassium    Bromide .... 

Quinine  

Rhubarb    

Saltpeter  

Soda 

Subnitrate  of  Bismuth. 

Sulphur 

Turpentine   


2  oz. 
l-.">  oz. 

1  oz. 

3  oz. 

3  dr. 

4  oz. 
1  oz. 

12  dr. 
I  oz. 
1-2  dr. 

1  pt. 

2  oz. 

12  oz. 
3-8  oz. 

2  dr. 

2  4  dr. 

10-30  gr. 

1  lb. 
a  dr. 

5-8  dr. 

5-8  dr. 

I  L5  lb. 

1-2  dr. 

2  dr. 
2  oz. 

2-5  oz. 

1  dr. 

4-6  oz. 

1-2  pt. 

1  oz. 
3-8  oz. 

2  dr. 
1-2  pt. 
2-4  dr. 
30  dp. 

2  oz. 
1-2  dr. 
1-2  oz. 

13  dr. 
2  oz. 
2  dr. 

3-4  oz. 
2  oz. 


Sheep 


Horses 


1-2  oz. 
40  gr. 
1-2  dr. 
1-2  dr. 

2  dr. 

.5  oz. 
20  gr. 
1-2  oz. 
1-2  dr. 
5-20   gr. 

2  dr. 
10-20  dp 
2-4  oz. 
1-2  dr. 
2-4  dr. 
3-8  dr. 

20  gr. 
20-30   gr. 
5-15   gr. 

14  oz. 
5-20  dp. 

1-2  dr. 

1-2  dr. 

1-4  dr. 
10-25  gr. 

25  gr. 

.5  oz. 

14  dr. 

25  gr. 

2  oz. 

6-12   oz. 

1-2  dr. 

1  dr. 

30-40   gr, 

3-8  dr. 
15-25   gr. 

5-8  dp. 

2-4  dr. 

510  gr. 

1  dr. 

.5-1  dr. 

2-4  dr. 
10-30   gr, 

1-2  oz. 

1-4  dr. 


Hofi.s 


Doos 


2-4  oz. 
2-4  dr. 
1-2  oz. 

1  oz. 
.5-1  oz. 

2  oz. 
1-3  dr. 
2-4  oz. 
2-4  dr. 

1  dr. 
2-4  dr. 
.5-2  dr. 

Ipt. 
.5-2  oz. 
1-2  oz. 
2-6  oz. 

1  dr. 
2-4  dr. 
10-50  gr, 
..1-1  lb. 
2-4  dr. 
4-8  dr. 
2-8  dr. 
.5  1  lb. 
.5-2  dr. 

1-2  dr. 

1  oz. 

1-4  oz. 

1  dr. 

4  6  oz. 
.5-1  pt. 
.5-1  oz. 

12  oz. 

12  dr. 

1-2  pt. 

1-3  dr. 
15-30  dp, 

1-2  oz. 
50-60  gr, 

1-2  oz. 

2-4  dr. 
1-1.5  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

2-4  oz. 

12  oz. 


12  oz. 

40  gr. 

1-2  dr. 

1  dr. 

1  dr. 

2  dr. 
15  gr. 
1-2  oz. 
1-2  dr. 

5-20   gr. 

15  dp. 
5-15  dp. 

2  4  oz. 

1  dr. 

2-4  dr. 

2-6  dr. 

10  gr. 
20-30   gr. 
310   gr. 

1  oz. 
5-20  dp. 

1-2  dr. 
15-60   gr, 

1  oz. 
5-20  gr. 

25  gr. 
.5-1  dr. 
1-2  dr. 
20  gr. 

2  oz. 
5-10   oz. 

1-2  dr. 

1  dr. 

10-20   gr, 

2-6  dr. 
10-20   gr 

3  7  dp. 
2  4  dr. 

5-10   gr. 

1  dr. 

.5-1  dr. 

1-3  dr. 

5-20   gr. 

1-2  oz. 

1  dr. 


1-4  dr. 

15  gr, 
20-60  dp. 

15  gr. 
7-20  dp. 

1  dr. 

8  gr. 

1-2  dr. 
5-20   gr. 

1  gr- 
10  dp. 
3-8  dp. 
1-2  dr. 
.5-1  dr. 
20-60  gr. 
1-3  dr. 

4  gr. 
1-2  gr. 

2gr. 

1-4  dr. 

1-5  dp. 

40  gr. 
5-20   gr. 

1-4  dr. 

2-8  gr. 

4  gr. 
¥*-%   dr. 

20  dp. 

1-2  gr. 

18  dr. 
1  oz. 

20  gr. 
5-20   gr. 

1-2  gr. 

2-4  oz. 
4-10   gr. 

1-5  dp. 
5-50   gr. 

1-2  gr. 
5-10   gr. 
2-10   gr. 
20-50   gr. 
3-10   gr. 

1-4  dr. 
20-50  dp. 


346 


CHAPTER  VI 


RESPIRATION 
The  number  of  respirations  per  minute  vane^^^^^^^^^^  Jj^ 
different  classes  of  animals;  as  a  rule,  the  larger  the 
animal,  the  slower  the  respiration. 

^^    „  8  to  10 

The  Horse   12  to  15 

Cattle  ••••■•••. .  .12  to  20 

Sheep  and  Goats 15  to  20 

The  Dog  ;  '.10  to  15 

,      Swine 

The  rate  of  breathing  U  increased  from  the  processes 

of  d"n  Lmediately  after  eating,  or  n>.y  mcrease 

from  exercise.  

NORMAL   TEMPERATURE   OF   THE   HORSE 

ir   I^EPrrloltireSrerarefsg^lg 

Sex  appears  to  slightly  influence  ten^P^J^f  ^^^^ 

Stallion    Yo0.8°  Fahr. 

5f are    •  •  •  ;^QQ  40  pahr. 

Gelding    .       ,       .    . 

The  time  of  day  when  temperature  is  take"  ^«  impor- 
tant the  lowest  body  temperature  being  at  4  a.  m.,  and 
the  iighest  at  6  p.  m".  New  born  foals'  temperature  will 
run  from  102°  to  104°  Fahr. 

TEMPERATURE   OF   CATTLE 
Normal  temperature  is  from  101.8°   to  102°   Fahr. 
CompTred  with  the  horse,  the  daily  variations  are  small. 

TEMPERATURE   OF   SHEEP   AND    GOATS 
In  these  animals  the  greatest  variation  in  temperature 
occur'; viz.:    100.9°  to  105.8°  Fahr.    In  the  ma.iority  of 

247 


248  THE   VETERINARIAN 

cases  the  temperature  probably  will  be  between  103.6° 
a  id  104.4°  Fahr.  The  cause  of  this  variation  is  unknown. 


TEMPERATURE  OP  SWINE 
The  average  temperature  is  103.3°  Fahr.,  varying  from 
100.9°  to  105.4°  Fahr. 


TEMPERATURE  OF  THE  DOG 
The  dog  is  subject  to  important  variations  depending 
on  the  external  temperature;  it  varies  from  99.5°  to 
101.7°  Fahr.,  although  in  some  localities  it  is  as  high  as 
100.9°,  101.3°  and  101.7°  Fahr.  Feeding  will  increase 
the  temperature,  and  it  is  also  higher  toward  evening. 

PULSE   THROBS   PER   MINUTE 

Per  Minute 

The  Horse   36  to    40 

Cattle    45  to    50 

Sheep  and  Goats 70  to    80 

The  Dog  S    °iS 

Swine  90  to  100 

The  pulse  in  the  young  is  m^ih  more  rapid  than  in 
the  adult  animal;  that  of  a  foal  at  birth  beats  100  to 
102  per  minute,  while  that  of  a  calf  will  go  to  130  per 
minute.  In  old  age  the  pulsation  becomes  reduced  and 
the  arteries  much  weaker.  The  pulse  rate  in  large 
animals  is  less  than  in  smaller  ones,  as  for  instance,  an 
elephant's  pulse  rate  is  from  25  to  28  beats  per  minute. 
The  more  rapid  the  pulse,  the  greater  the  quantity  of 
blood  in  circulation. 


AVERAGE  PERIODS   OF   GESTATION    OF 


lif  are H  months 

Ass  12  months 

Cow 9  months 

Sheep 5  months 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS 

Goat  5      months 

Sow 3V2  months 

Bitch 9      weeks 

Cat  8      weeks 


MISCELLANEOUS 


249 


AVERAGE  PERIOD 

Chicken  ...  .20  to  22  days 

Geese 28  to  34  days 

Duck 28  to  30  days 

Turkey 27  to  29  days 

Pigeon 18  days 


OF    INCUBATION 

Guinea  Fowl 28  days 

Pheasant 25  days 

Ostrich 40  to  42  days 

Canary  Bird 14  days 


4. 
5. 


6. 


8. 


9. 


VETERINARY   FACTS   AND   ADVICE 
TO   REMEMBER 
Cleanliness  of  body  an4  surroundings  is  a  necessity 

in  the  treatment  of  animals. 
Pure  air,  avoiding  drafts,  is  equally  essential.       ^ 
Ught,  excepting  in  the  treatment  of  eye  diseases  xs 
greatly  to  be  desired.    Darkness,  while  soothing 
?o  the  eye,  tends  to  prolong  germ  life  and  disease. 
Keep  drv— dampness  breeds  disease. 
Keep   w'erm-in   chilly   weather,   blanket   the   sick 
animal,  hand  rub  limbs  and  bandage  with  woolen 

Exercise  with  care-excessive  and  insufficient  exer- 
cise are  both  injurious. 

Feed  with  care-green  grass,  in  medium  quant  y, 
and  vegetables  are  cooling  to  the  blood,  easi^ 
digested  and  exert  a  slight  laxative  effect.  Grain 
feed  is  nutritious  an^  strengthening,  but  it  is  not 
required  in  any  quantity  by  a  horse  not  workmg. 
Be  sure  that  all  feed  is  fresh  and  clean. 

Drinking  water  must  be  P^'-e-i"^?^ «.  T^*^"  ""^n 
many  disease  germs.    Also  avoid  g^^mg  water  in 
large  quantities,  especially  if  water  is  very  cold. 
Disinfection  involves  little  time  or  fxpense  but  is 
invaluable.    Coal  tar  products  which  ^^-fjj 
water  (1  part  coal  tar  products  to  50-7o  pam 
water)  should  be  freely  and  occasionally  sprinkled 
about  yards  and  buildings. 
If  only  these  few  fundamental  and  common-sense  prin- 


250 


THE   VETERliN  \HIAN 


ciplcs  wen'  followed  by  stock  raisois,  a 
oentHKf  «^'t'  t'l'*  il'**  "."*'  tli^'^as^f^s  of  d.  luestn' 
Im-  lastiujfly  prevented. 


ry  larj^i-  pei- 
nifualB  would 


DRENCHING 

Do  not  drench  an  aniinul  when  you  eau  adniiiiister  tlm 
necessary  medicine  in  any  other  way.  Dreneb  only  when 
absolutely  necessary.  A  horse,  in  contrast  with  all  other 
domestic  animals,  "cannot  breath.-  through  it>  mouth. 
Therefore,  in  treatinj?  horses,  drenching  is  .-sp^'cially 
dangerous.  While  drenching  any  animal,  strantndation, 
pneumonia,  bronchitis,  <'te.,  are  liable  to  be  caused  by 
some  of  the  drenching  liciuid  escaping  from  tlu'  mouth 
into  the  lungs.  This  is  a  fn'quent  occurrence  in  whicli 
the  drenching  proves  to  l.e  the  immediate  cau^e  of  the 
animal's  death,  as  in  case  of  strangulation,  or  the  ..rigi- 
nating  cause  when  drenched  animals  later  succumb  to 
pneumonia,  bronchitis,  etc. 

me:::cine  in  capsules 

In  many  of  the  treatments  prescribed  in  the  preeeding 
pages,  the  use  of  gelatine  capsules  has  been  advised  iu 
preference  to  giving  the  medicine  in  any  other  for"' 

Capsules,  made  of  gelatine,  do  not  lie  in  the  animal  s 
stomach,  as  commonly  supftosed,  but  dissolve  readnv; 
the  gelatine  itself  being  beneficial  in  many  cases,  esp^- 
eiallv  if  the  bowels  or  stomach  be  i .  r  fated.  The  annual 
receives  the  intended  dose  fully.  It  avoids  any  n- 
pleasant  taste.  With  capsule  gnu.  or  by  hand,  n,  licuie 
in  capsules  is  more  easily  and  quick.y  given  than  t.>  t- 
tempt  to  hold  animal's  liead  np,  as  is  necessary  en 
administering  liquid  drenches,  the  danger  of  which     as 

been  explained.  

PREVENTION    OF   CONTAGIOUS   DISEASES 

Xewly  purchased  animals  or  poultry  siiotild  be  segre- 
gated for  from  ten  days  to  two  weeks  to  giv.    .pportunity 


immm 


1^'^ 


MlSCFiLLAiN^OLS 


251 


for  any  intV^tious  iVm-^^es  witi.  whi-  i  .  >e.v  »i»«y  ^l^ 
Hfflictfd,  or  have  been  exj.  >8ed  to,  lo  ful  devel<M  This 
precaution  will  oftfii  sav   the  buyt-r  in  in  loss 

Avoid  exhibiting  in  fair  ,  shows,  etc.,      i*ro         lieal    i 
«f  vour  animals  raiffl>t  Le  .i<  opanli-    d,  especiali.    throu   *i 
the  presence  of    ontaaiou  ly  aiT«i    -d  ai   mals.     If  yi 
cannot  be   sure   proper   p  eeautions  are  to  be  taken 
».etter  fi.n-jro  yo'ir  pri.i.   h u«l  po^.sil.le  pr,/.e  ribbons. 

HEREDITARY  TENDENCIES 
When  breeding,  '  is  of  utu.ust  importance  to  select  a 
cood  tVmal*  a  we.i  a^  nu,ie,  tor  tiie  least  faulty  (m  - 
formation  in  either  will  in  all  probability  be  transferred 
to  til  offsprinjr,  viz.:  an  aniuial  wi  H  a  crooked  hind  leff 
;s  snuject  to  bone  =*pavin.  curbs,  uoj.  navin,  thoroughpin, 
ring  bnr.e.  Ae.,  and  •  ^  liabh-  to  tran>  .t  any  of  these  dis- 
eases .pe^'iaHv  i1-  vpose*  to  slight  i-xertion.  A  tiiber- 
clai  ..  vv  will  invai  ably  giv,  birth  to  a  tubercular  .-alf. 
or  at  ny  --ate  the  ;i'f  w-H  contract  tuberculosi:  m. 
the  milk.  ..     


m- 


EVOLb         N    OF    STOCK 

Dur   .ir  the  transformation  which  our  country  has 
dersroi       and  is  undergoing,  no  one  industry  has  e:      - 
rie-icwi     uch  marked  changes   as  the  productio- 

!•ai^^i^     ui  livestock. 

the  earliest  time  of  which  we  have  any  record,  and 
..^        up  to  within  comparatively  recent  years,  large 
of  horses  and  cattk  ranged  over  our  plains  in  a 
state.    At  first  no  attempts  were  made  to  capture 
round  up  these  herds,  and  later  but  one  or  two 
i.      mpts  per  year,  when  the  young  were  branded  and 
grown  animals  shipped,  if  possible,  or  driven  '     avail- 
able markets. 

\«;  the  country  became  more  thickly  settled  and  popu- 
lMt(>d   these  larger  herds   were  broken  up.  the   ranges 


252 


THE   VETERINARIAN 


i-^^ 


becoming  divided  and  fenced.  With  this  segregation, 
attention  to  breeding  and  care  of  animals  began  to  be 
practiced,  gradually  causing  the  animal's  evolution  from 
the  wild  to  the  domesticated  state. 

As  this  process  of  evolution  progressed  the  animal 
became  farther  and  farther  removed  from  its  natural 
condition  of  living,  becoming  more  dependent  on  man  for 
food  and  shelter,  and  with  this  change  the  animal's 
former  vitality  and  power  to  resist  disease  decreased 

markedly. 

AVith  the  advancement  of  agriculture,  and  their  re- 
sultant prosperity,  the  farmers  and  settlers  improved 
their  stock  by  importing  blooded  or  registered  males 
and  females,  particularly  the  former,  until  today  our 
countrv  is  second  to  none  in  the  number  of  good  con- 
formated  draft  and  speed  horses;  beef  and  dairy  cattle; 
quick-maturing  hogs;  large  wool  and  mutton-producing 
sheep,  etc.  Poultry  has  likewise  been  improved  for  both 
egg-laying  and  meat-producing  qualities.  The  poultry 
industrv  is  yet  in  its  infancy,  and  offers  large  induce- 
ments to  the  practical  raiser.  Our  importation  of  eggs 
is  enormous. 

The  average  stock  raiser  and  poultryman  has  ,i"st 
begun  to  realize  the  value  of  proper  care  and  treatment 
of  his  stock,  and  how  much  unnecessary  loss  can  be  pre- 
vented by  the  expenditure  of  a  little  time  and  even  less 
monev  if  given  at  the  proper  time. 

Animals  and  poultry  are  subject,  just  as  humans,  to 
many  diseases  but,  unfortunately,  when  they  become  ill 
are  dependent  on  man  to  recognize  the  symptoms  of 
disease  and  diagnose.  Tlierefore,  it  behooves  all  owners 
of  stock  to  know  and  practice  the  fundamental  neces- 
sities of  their  animals'  health,  not  only  for  the  welfare 
of  themselves,  but  also  as  an  act  of  humanity  to  dumb 
animals. 


INDEX 


DISEASES  OF  HORSES 


Page   I 

Abortion H   ; 

Absc'.-ss    ..    30   i 

Acute  lOllKh i;^    ] 

Am  mia    14 

Aplliae •,■••:•  •,' 6i» 

Axcai  is  nifgalcephala ^^ 

Atroiiliy   15 

Azoliiria m 

Barnnness    ■  • 17 

Blef-fUnB  after  castration ^^ 

Blood   poisoning   ^g 

Bog  spavin  jg 

Bone  spavin • ^i) 

Bois    21 

Bronchitis  70 

Cappi-d  elbow j^ 

Capped  hock 23 

Capped  knee  ..•:•. TR 

Cer.  l>r:il  meningitis  25 

CliokinK   • 54 

Chronic  catarrh 3,^ 

Chronic  cough   •  ■ 26 

Coffin  joint  lameness ^^ 

Cold •  •  • 8S 

Colic,  flatulent ,, 

Colic,  spasmodic ^.j 

Colic,  wind 31 

Colt  constipation    jj 

Colt  diarrhoea  ^^ 

Conjunctivitis    29 

Constipation   ....  .  ■  • 31 

Constipation  in  colts 27 

Corns 30 

Cough 26 

Cracked  heels 33 

Curb    46 

Dentistrj- 33 

Diarrhoea 30 

Diarrhoea  In  colts. .  .  .    •  ■ -^ 

Dislocation  of  the  pat.  Ua ^^ 

Distemper ■    •  • ;     37 

Dropsv  of  Deny 37 

Dropsy  of  Ic>gs ;     37 

Dropsy  of  sheath  37 

Dropsy  of  uddi  r 37 

Emph'y''sema"<;f  theiunksV.'  '■  '■'■'■  '■  '■  \^. 

Epizootic  catarrh  ^g 

Eve  diseases ig 

Failure  to  breed ^3 

Farcy 40 

Fllariae  .••..• g,; 

Fistula  of  foot 3g 

Fistulous  withers  gj 

Flatulent  colic 75 

Forage  poisoning  41 

Founder  42 

Oalla   20 

Gastrophllls    43 

Glanders 43 

Grease  heels 4g 

Haemopls ^^, 

Heaves  •.••,•••, '.     69 

Hernia,  Inguinal     


Page 

..     46 
..     75 


Horse  dentistry  ... .  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  • 

Inflammation  of  the  brain    .. 
■nflammatlon  of  the  membrane  of 

nklilans 4- 

Infliienza    cu 

Inguinal  hcrui      ^^ 

Lampas    7J 

Iwaryngltls  4g 

Leeches    49 

hock  Jaw 50 

bung  fever   "  53 

l-ymphangilis ■  ^j 

\lfinR^     *' fi.9 

Monday  M-ining  disease »« 

Mud  fever 3Q 

Nasal  catarrh   54 

Nasal  gleet   -9 

Navel  rupture    re 

Navel  slrinK  infection    |» 

Navicular  disease  J^ 

Nettle  rash jq 

Oiien  joint 63 

oxvuris  curvills gj 

Palesade  wui  m  ,.,4 

Petchial  fever   -9 

Pharyngitis  47 

Pink  eye gj 

Pin  worm   62 

Pleurisy 50 

Pneumonia   ^^ 

Poll  evil ;  ■  ■  '■„ 64 

Purpura  haemoirhaglca g^. 

Quittor 67 

Red  worm  67 

I  iheumatisr      gg 

King  bone   69 

Hound  worm 59 

Rupture,   scrotal    g^ 

Scabies gg 

Scrotal  rupture   17 

Septicaemia   70 

Shoe  boil 74 

Side  bones 79 

Sore  throat  .  •  ■ 73 

Spasmodic  colic    19 

Spavin,  bog    jg 

Spavin,  bone    70 

Splints   76 

Staggers    77 

Stifle  joint  lameness -g 

String  halt .  •  •  • '.1 

Strongulus  armatus „ 

StJ^nlulus  tetracanthus    67 

Supernumerary  teeth   ^^ 

Surfeit    ' .;     81 

Sweeny  S2 

Tapewonn •••■.;,:,: 85 

Teeth,  supernumerai>    g^ 

Teeth,  wolf 82 

Tenia '.  49 

Tetanus   82 

Thoroughpin • g3 

Thread-like  worm gj 

Thrush 

253 


J 


254 


INDEX 


Pace 

rmblUcal  hemla g» 

I'mbllical  pyemia gp 

Urtccaria 5S 

Wind  coHc    2* 

■Wtnd  galls   J* 

Wolf  teeth    Jl 

Worm,  maw •* 

Worm,  palesade    ♦>! 


Page 

Worm,  pin    ^? 

Worm,  red   J' 

Worm,  round 05 

Worm,  tape   »; 

Worm,  thread   "n 

Worm,  thread-like  Jg 

Wounds  ""» 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE 


Page 

AMomlnal  hernia J*! 

Abdominal  rupture    J" 

Abnormal  Calving J"J 

Alwrtlon,  contagious l"» 

Abortion,  non-contagloua w 

At)!>ce8ses "* 

Absence  of  milk J" 

Actinomycosis   J-'" 

Acute  cough "* 

Afterbirth  retention   1  J« 

Ar  lurosls  of  the  eye »| 

Anthrax ■■•.••■. j4„ 

IIB 


Apoplexy,  parturient 


Ascltles    ,,.. 

Bacterial  dysentery }"» 

Bag  Inflammation if ' 

B.irrennrss    '- 

BiK   head "J 

Black  leg 11 

Black  quarter   Jj 

Bleeding J* 

Bloating 1% 

Blood  poison ,*" 

Blood  suckers    '»? 

Bloody  flux 11 

Bloody  flux  in  calves log 

Bloody  milk   »J 

Blue  milk  ,2? 

Brain  congestion ^ Jj 

Bronchitis  ,^* 

Bronchitis  verminous  \oa 

Calf  cholera   i"" 

Calf  scours 1"? 

Calving i'll 

Casting  the  withers lOJ 

Cataract  of  the  eye '"♦ 

Catarrh    J"* 

Chapped  teats   \"% 

Choking »?g 

Chronic  cough   "* 

Chronic  dysentery   1"° 

(^qJJq       1"  * 

Congestion  of  the  brain 1*2 

Congestion  of  the  lungs    . . . . i"' 

Congestion  of  the  spinal  onrd....  14- 

Congestion  of  the  udder    ijg 

Conjunctivitis    \f^l 

Contagious  abortion    {"'» 

Cough    "I 

Cow  pox {\i 

Cud  chewing  }'* 


Dehorning 


116 


Diarrhoea   \\i 


116 


urippsy   5i 

Dvsenterj-   -'' 

Eczema Jii 

Kpliootica  eczema   >  ^'' 

Ergot  poisoning   1}J 

Ergotism   , { •» 

Everslon  of  the  womb l''^ 

Eve  Inflammation  ]^l 

Eyelid  laceration   l^J 

Failure  to  breed »* 

Fluke.  liver » •* 


Page 
Foot  and  mouth  disease  JjO 


Foot  rot 


123 


Foul  in  foot  123 

Founder ■;* 

Garget    |^» 

Grub    "h 

Hard  milkers 12| 

Hematuria    1" 

Hemmorrhage    »J 

Hernia,  abdominal  J  J* 

Hollow  horn !;• 

Indigestion   i^J 

Infectious  abortion   }«» 

Infectious  aphtha    } J" 

inflammation  of  the  bag J JT 

Inflammation  of  the  eye    • .  ■   1» 

Inflammation  of  the  heart  sack..   l.tO 
Inflammation  of  the  kidneys  l»i 

Inflammation  of  the  penis    131 

Inflammation  of  the  womb 131 

Joint  111  }?' 

Jonea  disease i'7 

Kidney  Inflammation   J^i 

Laceration  ot  the  eyelid 134 

Lamlnltls    124 

Ijaryngitis   Jl* 

Leeches    i^» 

Leucorrhea J  J* 

IJver  fluke  119 

lioss  of  cud \-^^ 

Lump:-  jaw 1  'a 

I-ung  congestion \''l 

Lung  fever   J  J  J 

Lung  fluke llj 

Mammltls.  simple 1^' 

Mange J'j^ 

Measley  beef }■•'' 

Milk  fever 1  J'' 

Navel  ill IJS 

Non-contagious  abortion   »'> 

Obstruction  of  the  esophaguB 1»5 

Paralysis    J*- 

Parturlent  apoplexy 140 

Penis  Inflammation  131 

Paricnrdltis    130 

Pharyngitis 1<9 

Physiology  of  rumination 11* 

Pneumonia   l^S 

pyemia J^% 

Ued  water 143 

Retalnid  afterbirth   '44 

Rheumatism 14" 

Ring  worm   147 

Round  worm \y 

Rupture,  abdominal 14» 

Scabies  1;2 

Scum  over  the  eye i  J» 

Septicaemia    »^ 

Sore  throat J'" 

Spinal  cord  congestion IJ^ 

Stilngymllk l^'O 

Suppression   of  milk lai 

Tape  worm   ]y\ 

Toatu  phnnned »"» 


Teats  chapped 


Fluke,  I'ing 


lis   1    Texas   fever 


15i 


L. 


INDEX 


255 


PaKe 

_,  .  152 

TlckB 163 

TuberculoBlB it. 

Twisted  stomach  worm '»♦ 

Udder  congestion  '" 

Umbilical  fyem»a  •,•  • jSj 

Umbilical  Septicemia  J-JJ 

Variola  ........  •  •  •  • ice 

VermlnouB  bronchitis J»2 

Warts  158 

"Warbles  "" 


Pa»| 

•Whites    , ,•••• JS 

White  scours  In  calve» JgJ 

Wolf  In  the  tall. i2? 

Womb  Inflammation  J2i 

Wooden  tongue ij- 

Worm,  lung   ,47 

Worm,  round {ka 

Worm,  stomach f ., 

Worm,  tape   


DISEASES  OF  SWINE 


Abortion 


.....':t4 

IdSStetriilon  of  m^dl-cim- 164 

Bag  Inflammation    i'. 

Black  tooth iJJ 

Blood  poisoning  \^^ 

Bronchitis ig7 

Castratioa ,gg 

Catarrh    Igg 

caioklng 171 

Cholera,  hog u^ 

Cold  In  the  head ^Sj 

OongeHtion,  kidney ''5 

Diarrhoea  In  young  pigs "^ 

Heat  stroke •  ■  •  •  • .gn 

rg^WnMH'riff  mWicine-.  U 

Hog  cholera  '.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.  17.1 

hSI  rcKuiatoraiid' tonic 1«3 

Indigestion   ••••••• i«5 

Inflammation,  bag i.g 

Inflammation,  lung    ' '- 

Inguinal  rupture j:.. 

Jaundice • ,73 

Kidney  congestion    ' -, 

Kidney  worms .-^ 

I.ice  on  hogs ,75 

I.ung  fever  .  •  •  •  • 17^ 

Lung  Inflammation    J^g 

Lung  worm ,77 

Mange • igg 

Nasal   catarrh   .7^ 

Navel  rupture  ,7,, 

Nettle  rash 


Page 

ParalvslB  of  the  lilnd  i,ua.  uis. . .  180 

Pig  diarrhoea    J«g 

IMg  scours ill 

Piles    Jgg 

Pin  worm  igj 

I'leurisy iZ, 

Prolapse  of  the  anus J»J 

Pyemia •_ , 1  ao 

Kegulator  and   tonic i»» 

Rheumatism JSJ 

Rickets  ;  JI2 

Round  worm Jgg 

Rupture,  Inguinal "5 

Rupture,  navel    i'" 

Rupture,  scrotal "J 

Rupture,  umljlilfiil    il? 

Septicemia    ioo 

Scours  In  pigx ija 

Scrotal  rupture   "2 

Sore  feet   igi 

Sore  mouth  JgS 

Sows  eating  their  younK l|» 

Sun  stroke ,gi 

Thorn  headed  worm ""J 

Thumps   •, if* 

Tonic  and  regulator ">^ 

ITrticaria  ,74 

Worm,  kidney  f  il 

Worm,  limg    Igj 

Worm,  pin igg 

Worm,  round  ••••■■ jon 

Worm,  thorn  hmdeil J^" 

^Vorm,  whip  {:, 

Yellows 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP  AND  GOATS 


I 'age 

,^     .,  ....   195 

Abortion ,05 

Acute  IndSgeHtlon   ^"2 

Acute  typanltis ;"? 

Apoplexy,  pulmonary ■jJJ 

Black  scours    ,05 

Bloating     .>i3 

Bronchitis  jq7 

Catarrh  ••••••••,• 197 

Cold  m  the  head. ,(,» 

Congestion  of  the  liver |09 

Coniestlon  of  th.    lung "J 

congestion  of  the  udder    201 

Diarrhoea    igg 

Dysentery  ;  206 

Dyspepsia    jqg 

Foot  rot  .••••• 200 

Forage  poisoning   j^j 

Foul  in  foot 2i)l 

(larget     foA 

Gastritis,  verminous   JJ^ 

t;id 


Page 

2(1 


Grub  m  the  head |0t 

Head  grubs    S^J 

Head  maggot Sgl 

Hoven  jng 

Indigestion ;x| 

Indigestion,  acute  . . . . .  •  • |V? 

inflammat  on  of  the     vor "» 

Inflammation  of  th.    udder j«i 

Jaundice ji* 

tiamb  disease Siq 

Ulver  congestion     *"' 

Liver  fluke    . . .  • Sig 

Liver  Inflammation   *' » 

Louse  fly  - .  •  • 211 

Lung  congestion ... 

Lung  fever 213 

Lung  worm 215 

Mange 21I 

Pneumonia  .aq 

Poisoning,  forage  i"y 

Pulmonary  apoplexy  *"■ 


INDEX 
256 

'**#1B       Udder.  conK**"??,"' „>'■".■.■.*."."•  20* 
_     .  ?J?       TTdder.  Inflammation  ol  •        jj, 

sturdy    ;...  218      Worm,  lung  ..•• 

•rick . .  208  1 

Typanltla.  acute _______ 

DISEASES  OF  POULTRY 

»x?"orthebra.n............  |?       ,„eomg|ete  e«  ■•-,• -patms     ot  ^^^ 

Aptna  »j»  1       J,,_ij«v« *29 

Ascites •/. 222       .A^JiitJ^Stion  of  the  crop |S| 

l?Si^  "of  the  feet .•■••• ; ;  ^    Mange  .^-  •••;::;;:::::; m 

BSt'SJJh'^  ••••■•■•••■•■•■•■•■•■•■•■•• HE      KAV''"?fn°h"e-  beak- arid 'f, 

Sftl7rhof  thecrop .•■;•;•::  H?       Ob.t^ctlon     »' . .^.'l^ . °*       m 

-Kf  Vriiier::::::::  |     o«.on  of  the  b.u^  duct.....  | 

congestion  of  the  I'^er....- j29       Obstruct  on  oi  i       ,„i^.stlne8  ....  22| 

Constipation  •••••;:;::; 225       Obstruct  on  o^  ^^^  ^^^^^^^  233 

¥lf«  with  two  yolks S35       Sore  head   241 

ifLS'°"^■^^"^■•■•■•■•■•■•■■•■••■•■  iroara-n^dNeaWobVtrucVlon.....  223 

S'eii^g-:::::::::-::::-  f   -Kuiosis ev.  •v.E;y;.v.....  2| 

|S;;«Sng  PouUryE-::.  2ST       Vent  gleet  ^,^,,,;;  ^,„eh.  Us . . . . 

^l^^".:---''v{^-'''--  m      We  dlarrhoei-::.. .....■•;;;::  .^.^ 

Ga?tro  intestinal  catarrh. ...  ••••  ^jg  I   .^^orros 

Gout . 

MISCELLANEOUS  p,^,, 

;".   249 

Average  Period  of  GeMa^lon„  .....••••• .... . .  •  •  ...-•■    . .  jig 

^^s^%Wv«°tment  Table ....■.■•••;;;;;: ••.•.•.•.•.::  Ill 

g??SShing  "Vock"''.''::. ■:•••: ••■••• .•.•.•.•.•.•.■:::.■.■.•: 2|i 

Stdlclneln  Capsules 247 

|{?^«  ''aKd^t-  lo  Bememb.  r 


